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on the way in there's still plenty on

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the table over there get them on the way

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out our talk tonight a trip through the

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light fantastic by Frank summers of

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space telescope and I'll introduce him

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in just a minute let's say upcoming our

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talks I as I said I'm trying to get

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somebody from New Horizons to do the

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October talk but I haven't haven't had

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much success I was on vacation a lot

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this month so I am a little bit behind

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on things November we have mario livio

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and i know I looked in my email today

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and he still hadn't given me a talk

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title so I have to contact him tomorrow

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and say Mario give me a talk for

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November and in December Lucy McFadden

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from Goddard Space Flight Center one of

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the lead people on the dawn mission that

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went past Vesta a couple years ago went

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to Ceres is currently orbiting series

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will give a talk on dawn a journey to

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the early solar system in December I'm

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extremely excited to have Lucy come up

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here in December you want the latest

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information you can go to our website

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and you can do Hubble site Dargo talks

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or if you just put Hubble public lecture

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in your favorite search engine this

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should be the page that you get which

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lists our upcoming lectures and it also

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has a link to our wonderful STScI web

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casting team archive our web casting

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team has been as the archive of them all

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the way back to 2005 you've got ten

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years of public lecture and goodness to

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explore so if you've got a free weekend

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or a free few weeks you can watch them

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all back to 2005 all right if you would

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like announcements you sign up and this

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is new because we started this in the

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spring nail list that STScI dot edu okay

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and you look for public lecture

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announced I think there's only one or

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two mail lists that are public on that

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anyways just provide your email address

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and you will not be getting any spam or

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if you would like to have us sign you up

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for it you can contact us at public

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lecture at STScI edu you can sign up the

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announcements

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or if you have comments or questions you

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would like to ask please send them to

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that email address we have social media

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for those who do it of course we have

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facebook we have at two different

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Twitter feeds

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we have Google+ we have Pinterest for

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those who do that I think we probably

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even have oh what's the other one

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Instagram I don't know if we have that

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I'm sorry I only do so much i I do

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Facebook and Google+ and Twitter for my

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stuff unfortunately not as much as I

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should I just have so much stuff to do

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it's hard to keep up doing a lot of

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social media but I will try and keep up

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all right

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the observatory tonight the weather is

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permitting I got an email saying yes the

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observatory is on so after the lecture

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if you would like to go across the

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street to the Maryland Space Grant

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Observatory which looks something like

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this up on the physics and astronomy

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building across the street the person I

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believe it's Duncan is it Duncan he's

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not here right now obviously we'll be

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here afterwards come down meet here as a

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group and walk over across the street as

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a group you cannot go over on your own

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you have to go over with the group

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because he's got to let folks in certain

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doors etc okay all right normally I

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would be doing news from the universe

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for September 2015 but as is my

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tradition whenever I give the talk I

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don't have enough time to prepare a news

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summary it takes a little while to do

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that so as I promised I will make sure

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you get your full dose of Pluto next

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month okay alright we get lots of Pluto

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next month now I get to introduce our

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featured speaker and when I give the

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talk alright how many people are new

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here haven't been here before we got

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about a dozen alright so let me do my

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introduction the rest of you can close

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your eyes for a second I'm an astronomer

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in the office of public outreach here

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I've been here for 14 years I work on

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all things Hubble and weather

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they press releases or websites or

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educational activities or working with

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planet area my favorite things to do are

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astronomy visualizations right and so I

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you know got a history doing I'm an

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astronomer but actually I'm a

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professional outreach astronomer I have

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been doing outreach only for over a

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decade I've been about two decades worth

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of outreach astronomy so I don't do

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research anymore

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now but the rest of you when I do these

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talks since some of you who've been here

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have been here longer than I have coming

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for public lecture series I like to show

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you something that you didn't you may

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not remember about me so our speech

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speaker tonight when he was young this

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is a picture of the astrophysicist as a

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young man this is me in 1983 was it this

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is the paso doble costume I was a

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competitive ice dancer this photograph

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by David Leonardi the photographer of

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all the great ice skating stars and my

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skating partner sand sandy McGee

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Sanderlin McGee I was a competitive ice

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dancer for I don't know about a decade

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or so and I retired at the ripe old age

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of 20 or so I was ranked tenth in the

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United States when I retired so I like

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to show pictures like this to say hey

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you know what you can be an

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astrophysicist geek but you can also

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have an artistic background okay and so

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I was a competitive ice dancer before I

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became an astrophysicist the two are not

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mutually exclusive you have at least one

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example of that all right so let us

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all right so tonight's talk is a trip

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through the light fantastic and as I

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said in my previous intro before this

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this is a talk that I have given to

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educators I've spiced it up a bit and

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changed it around just a little bit in

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terms to present it for the public

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but it is really it's a fundamental idea

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of the electromagnetic spectrum and the

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electromagnetic spectrum that underlies

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astronomy but also underlies lots of

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other sciences because it is used in

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physics it is used underlying chemistry

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and in biology understanding the idea of

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life and when you think about astronomy

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you might have that romantic notion that

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idea of the astronomer standing at the

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telescope looking through his giant

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telescope perhaps up on top of a

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mountaintop and that's just not how it

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is anymore that's how it was 150 years

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ago when this engraving was done this is

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from night from 1848 this is the

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telescope at the Cincinnati observatory

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which at the time was the second largest

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in the country

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Cincinnati second largest telescope in

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the country at that time but what do

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astronomers look like these days do they

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go they go up to the mountaintops yes

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but what do they do they sit in front of

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banks of computers okay they don't put

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their eye up to the telescope it's not

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that poetic anymore we have CCD

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detectors that do all that for them

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everything becomes digital it comes to

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the computers and you sit there at the

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keyboard with your notes and everything

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and very carefully taking taking

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advantage of it also astronomers have

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used other wavelengths now all right we

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do radio observations okay giant radio

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dishes and where are you gonna put your

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eye on this hmm are you actually gonna

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go there well well actually you know the

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Jodie Foster character from the movie

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contact notwithstanding and that the

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idea was that she was actually listening

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to the radio signals that were being

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detected by these dishes yeah doesn't

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happen okay

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nice poetic idea for the movie yeah

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doesn't happen so when we are looking in

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wavelengths that are I can't see of

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course we have to be doing detected uh

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if you're using detectors to do this and

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one of the great advances of 20th

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century astronomy was a hundred years

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ago all we were doing was looking with

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our eyes okay

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and we started to take photography in

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the late 1800s but we were using visible

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light astronomy

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until we started to exploit the other

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wavelengths radio waves came first but

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we now do astronomy across the entire

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electromagnetic spectrum and so that

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what is what this trip through the light

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fantastic is about is to show you the

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variety of ways that we look at the

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universe and remind you of the different

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things that we can see using the

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different types of light so let's begin

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with visible light visible light is of

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course the light that the human eye sees

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right and it is also the light that is

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given off most by our Sun this of course

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is not a coincidence if you want to see

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in the light of the Sun well it helps if

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your detector is tuned to the

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wavelengths to given off by that Sun

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here are three blackpot for blackbody

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curves of various stars so our Sun is

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approximately a 6,000 degree Kelvin star

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so it's this curve in here in the middle

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and the upper curve at 7,000 degrees

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Kelvin is a hotter star the 5000-year

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Kelvin is just a little cooler than the

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Sun and then the 3,000 degree Kelvin is

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a red dwarf much cooler than the Sun all

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right and so this is the emission all

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right the amount of emission on the

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y-axis by wavelength on the x-axis for

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various stars and where does the Sun

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peak right here in the visible

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wavelengths all right the hotter stars

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can move toward the ultraviolet the

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cooler stars actually have their peaks

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out in the infrared so visible light is

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where our Sun emits most of its light

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and if you know anything about our Sun

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you know that we call it a yellow star

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however this is wrong okay our Sun may

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be called a yellow star but it is not a

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yellow star we do not see a yellow star

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you have been lied to your entire life

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because they draw a blue sky with a

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yellow Sun in it okay

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that's not what the Sun looks like if

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you look at the Sun and you measure its

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color as perceived by the human eye

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you take that blackbody curve you map it

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through the RGB cones of your eye the

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color you'll get is something like this

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our Sun is mostly white okay it may be

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called a yellow star but in its white

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light actually you know if you do it

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really carefully I I see a little bit of

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peach in it okay there's it's mostly

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white with a little bit of peach now

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this color comes from my monitor to the

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projector to the screen etc so there's

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no real color fidelity here I can't show

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you exactly exact color matching here

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but basically the Sun is mostly white

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okay now of course white light itself

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can be broken down into all the colors

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of the rainbow okay that red orange

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yellow green blue violet of that rainbow

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is really just breaking up the sun's

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light into its component wavelengths to

272
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see those various colors

273
00:11:59,569 --> 00:11:57,990
alright so Sun emits white light white

274
00:12:01,970 --> 00:11:59,579
light is actually composed of many

275
00:12:05,079 --> 00:12:01,980
different colors now we see a lot of

276
00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:05,089
things in astronomy using visible light

277
00:12:10,010 --> 00:12:08,010
so we look at the moon and here's a

278
00:12:13,010 --> 00:12:10,020
gorgeous picture of the full moon out

279
00:12:16,490 --> 00:12:13,020
over the ocean but the moon doesn't emit

280
00:12:19,310 --> 00:12:16,500
light okay the moon only reflects the

281
00:12:20,930 --> 00:12:19,320
light of the Sun okay it's important to

282
00:12:23,420 --> 00:12:20,940
recognize that the Sun emits the light

283
00:12:27,319 --> 00:12:23,430
but the moon only sees by reflected

284
00:12:29,269 --> 00:12:27,329
light Jupiter also invisible light we

285
00:12:31,639 --> 00:12:29,279
don't actually see it we it does not

286
00:12:33,829 --> 00:12:31,649
emit visible light but it reflects the

287
00:12:35,829 --> 00:12:33,839
light of the Sun Jupiter as I'll show

288
00:12:39,199 --> 00:12:35,839
you a little bit later actually does

289
00:12:41,329 --> 00:12:39,209
emit some infrared light it actually is

290
00:12:43,819 --> 00:12:41,339
glowing in infrared but it is not

291
00:12:46,660 --> 00:12:43,829
glowing in visible light it is just

292
00:12:50,060 --> 00:12:46,670
reflecting the light of the Sun

293
00:12:52,040 --> 00:12:50,070
asteroids they're not glowing they're

294
00:12:53,800 --> 00:12:52,050
just reflecting the light of Sun what

295
00:12:56,300 --> 00:12:53,810
about comets

296
00:12:58,220 --> 00:12:56,310
comets are really cool they look like

297
00:12:59,660 --> 00:12:58,230
they're actually glowing like they're

298
00:13:02,870 --> 00:12:59,670
actually emitting light but again

299
00:13:04,519 --> 00:13:02,880
they're also just reflecting light okay

300
00:13:06,600 --> 00:13:04,529
so most of the things we see in the

301
00:13:10,139 --> 00:13:06,610
solar system are just reflecting

302
00:13:12,960 --> 00:13:10,149
the light of the Sun the Sun is our is

303
00:13:14,869 --> 00:13:12,970
our source of visible light if we look

304
00:13:16,619 --> 00:13:14,879
at other stars are they emitting light

305
00:13:18,269 --> 00:13:16,629
yes of course

306
00:13:21,949 --> 00:13:18,279
right but I like to show the Pleiades

307
00:13:25,590 --> 00:13:21,959
because all this blue gas around here

308
00:13:27,929 --> 00:13:25,600
it's called a reflection nebula that gas

309
00:13:29,489 --> 00:13:27,939
is not glowing because it's hot it's

310
00:13:32,069 --> 00:13:29,499
glowing because it's reflecting the

311
00:13:34,169 --> 00:13:32,079
light of the stars around it

312
00:13:36,449 --> 00:13:34,179
the plea DS are relatively young star

313
00:13:38,129 --> 00:13:36,459
cluster the gas from which they're that

314
00:13:40,350 --> 00:13:38,139
which they were formed hasn't fully

315
00:13:43,350 --> 00:13:40,360
dissipated away and so you're seeing

316
00:13:46,229 --> 00:13:43,360
some of the gas around them

317
00:13:49,289 --> 00:13:46,239
reflecting the light of the stars if

318
00:13:51,269 --> 00:13:49,299
instead you go to the Orion Nebula well

319
00:13:54,419 --> 00:13:51,279
the hot stars at the core of the Orion

320
00:13:56,699 --> 00:13:54,429
Nebula have heated this gas so the gas

321
00:13:58,710 --> 00:13:56,709
and this nebula is glowing it's heated

322
00:14:00,299 --> 00:13:58,720
up to high enough temperature that the

323
00:14:02,449 --> 00:14:00,309
gas itself is glowing

324
00:14:05,369 --> 00:14:02,459
alright so it's important to recognize

325
00:14:07,259 --> 00:14:05,379
as an astronomer when something is

326
00:14:08,609 --> 00:14:07,269
actually glowing in that light and when

327
00:14:11,609 --> 00:14:08,619
it is just reflecting the light around

328
00:14:15,479 --> 00:14:11,619
it we have to an analyze the situation

329
00:14:19,949 --> 00:14:15,489
and for things like a supernova remnant

330
00:14:21,210 --> 00:14:19,959
this is the Crab supernova the interior

331
00:14:23,879 --> 00:14:21,220
of this was actually heated to millions

332
00:14:26,819 --> 00:14:23,889
of degrees this is a visible light image

333
00:14:28,710 --> 00:14:26,829
of specific wavelengths detecting

334
00:14:30,960 --> 00:14:28,720
specific elements in the out and the

335
00:14:33,989 --> 00:14:30,970
external parts of the supernova remnant

336
00:14:37,019 --> 00:14:33,999
of this of course is also gas that is

337
00:14:39,809 --> 00:14:37,029
glowing there also gas that is absorbing

338
00:14:42,090 --> 00:14:39,819
that is easily seen in this image of the

339
00:14:43,470 --> 00:14:42,100
Whirlpool Galaxy so we have these pink

340
00:14:45,629 --> 00:14:43,480
regions which are the star forming

341
00:14:47,819 --> 00:14:45,639
regions we have the blue stars and the

342
00:14:50,609 --> 00:14:47,829
yellow stars on in here but we also see

343
00:14:52,859 --> 00:14:50,619
this marbling this dark stuff here well

344
00:14:55,319 --> 00:14:52,869
that's gasps that's not emitting light

345
00:14:57,119 --> 00:14:55,329
that is absorbing the light it's

346
00:14:59,909 --> 00:14:57,129
blocking the light so we have bright

347
00:15:02,489 --> 00:14:59,919
nebula we have reflection nebula we have

348
00:15:04,079 --> 00:15:02,499
emission nebula we also have dark nebula

349
00:15:07,109 --> 00:15:04,089
that we can't see that's actually

350
00:15:09,359 --> 00:15:07,119
blocking the light of other stars so

351
00:15:11,970 --> 00:15:09,369
when we consider visible light our base

352
00:15:14,609 --> 00:15:11,980
spacing how do we remember it well

353
00:15:17,220 --> 00:15:14,619
probably in school you learn something

354
00:15:19,640 --> 00:15:17,230
like Roy G Boop now how many of you

355
00:15:22,080 --> 00:15:19,650
actually had indigo in there VI D

356
00:15:24,330 --> 00:15:22,090
yes the older kids even the younger ones

357
00:15:28,830 --> 00:15:24,340
okay your textbooks having been updated

358
00:15:31,890 --> 00:15:28,840
lately ad they uh-huh I don't know when

359
00:15:35,280 --> 00:15:31,900
indigo was removed from this but it was

360
00:15:39,960 --> 00:15:35,290
many decades ago I thought a lot of

361
00:15:42,360 --> 00:15:39,970
people learned roy gb IV the indigo was

362
00:15:45,240 --> 00:15:42,370
no longer used so it's just red orange

363
00:15:47,070 --> 00:15:45,250
yellow green blue and violet for the

364
00:15:49,860 --> 00:15:47,080
colors of the spectrum of visible light

365
00:15:52,710 --> 00:15:49,870
and the important point about this is

366
00:15:54,920 --> 00:15:52,720
recognizing that these are all the same

367
00:15:57,060 --> 00:15:54,930
phenomenon of light but they have one

368
00:15:58,650 --> 00:15:57,070
characteristic different and you can

369
00:16:01,460 --> 00:15:58,660
consider that characteristic of energy

370
00:16:04,620 --> 00:16:01,470
that red is lower energy than violet or

371
00:16:06,570 --> 00:16:04,630
frequency or wavelength okay and

372
00:16:09,840 --> 00:16:06,580
wavelength actually increases the

373
00:16:11,430 --> 00:16:09,850
opposite direction of frequency now on

374
00:16:13,560 --> 00:16:11,440
this next slide I'm going to get into an

375
00:16:15,840 --> 00:16:13,570
equation this is something that I

376
00:16:17,100 --> 00:16:15,850
definitely do for the teachers but since

377
00:16:19,020 --> 00:16:17,110
some teachers will probably watch this

378
00:16:22,010 --> 00:16:19,030
in the archive let's I want to put it up

379
00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:22,020
there okay so for the fundamental

380
00:16:26,340 --> 00:16:24,010
equations alright the fundamental

381
00:16:29,010 --> 00:16:26,350
properties of light to understand is

382
00:16:30,450 --> 00:16:29,020
that it it's a wave okay all right and

383
00:16:32,490 --> 00:16:30,460
the energy of the wave is proportional

384
00:16:35,760 --> 00:16:32,500
to the frequency the higher the

385
00:16:38,970 --> 00:16:35,770
frequency the more energy you can have a

386
00:16:41,520 --> 00:16:38,980
slow frequency your low energy all right

387
00:16:43,890 --> 00:16:41,530
then you get up that's higher energy

388
00:16:45,780 --> 00:16:43,900
makes sense right and the

389
00:16:47,100 --> 00:16:45,790
proportionality constant is called

390
00:16:50,310 --> 00:16:47,110
Planck's constant that's what this

391
00:16:54,570 --> 00:16:50,320
little H is here this is the this V is

392
00:16:56,610 --> 00:16:54,580
traditionally a Greek letter nu for the

393
00:16:59,220 --> 00:16:56,620
oscillations per second measured in

394
00:17:01,650 --> 00:16:59,230
hertz okay and then the other thing to

395
00:17:03,690 --> 00:17:01,660
recognize is the other equation that we

396
00:17:06,060 --> 00:17:03,700
need to know for life is that frequency

397
00:17:08,310 --> 00:17:06,070
times wavelength is equal to the speed

398
00:17:10,680 --> 00:17:08,320
of light okay they're inversely

399
00:17:12,810 --> 00:17:10,690
proportional to one another so we've got

400
00:17:14,990 --> 00:17:12,820
this frequency which is nu the

401
00:17:17,939 --> 00:17:15,000
wavelength is represented by lambda

402
00:17:19,470 --> 00:17:17,949
together they combine to make the speed

403
00:17:22,199 --> 00:17:19,480
of light and this is constant throughout

404
00:17:24,780 --> 00:17:22,209
it okay so that as frequency goes up

405
00:17:26,520 --> 00:17:24,790
wavelength has to go down as wavelength

406
00:17:28,050 --> 00:17:26,530
goes up frequency has to go out they're

407
00:17:30,660 --> 00:17:28,060
inversely proportional to one another

408
00:17:33,190 --> 00:17:30,670
all right so if you want to make a real

409
00:17:42,100 --> 00:17:33,200
geek joke somebody says hey what's

410
00:17:44,200 --> 00:17:42,110
do you say C over lambda it takes a

411
00:17:45,759 --> 00:17:44,210
while for that one synced yes okay so

412
00:17:47,950 --> 00:17:45,769
that's your physics joke for the night

413
00:17:53,169 --> 00:17:47,960
there are actually a few more jokes here

414
00:17:55,570 --> 00:17:53,179
leave that alone so when we think about

415
00:17:57,879 --> 00:17:55,580
this visible spectrum we're now taking

416
00:18:00,129 --> 00:17:57,889
an increasing wavelength here okay so

417
00:18:01,470 --> 00:18:00,139
longer wavelengths are over here all

418
00:18:04,210 --> 00:18:01,480
right so we reversed it from the ROYGBIV

419
00:18:06,279 --> 00:18:04,220
all right but the visible spectrum is

420
00:18:09,519 --> 00:18:06,289
only a tiny part of the entire

421
00:18:11,049 --> 00:18:09,529
electromagnetic spectrum okay so those

422
00:18:12,519 --> 00:18:11,059
are the different properties of visible

423
00:18:15,070 --> 00:18:12,529
light but they are also the same

424
00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:15,080
properties of the entire electromagnetic

425
00:18:20,500 --> 00:18:17,210
spectrum which includes gamma rays

426
00:18:23,590 --> 00:18:20,510
x-rays ultraviolet infrared microwave

427
00:18:25,980 --> 00:18:23,600
and radio waves the whole point is that

428
00:18:28,539 --> 00:18:25,990
all of these are the exact same

429
00:18:30,549 --> 00:18:28,549
phenomenon just having different

430
00:18:33,340 --> 00:18:30,559
wavelengths or different frequencies or

431
00:18:36,820 --> 00:18:33,350
different energies okay so when we think

432
00:18:38,740 --> 00:18:36,830
of the electromagnetic spectrum we don't

433
00:18:40,419 --> 00:18:38,750
think that x-rays are something totally

434
00:18:42,639 --> 00:18:40,429
crazy different from the normal visible

435
00:18:45,549 --> 00:18:42,649
light or that radio waves are something

436
00:18:48,190 --> 00:18:45,559
you know unfathomable comparative is

437
00:18:50,649 --> 00:18:48,200
like they're all the same thing but

438
00:18:53,019 --> 00:18:50,659
these have shorter wavelength higher

439
00:18:55,090 --> 00:18:53,029
frequency and larger energy these have

440
00:18:58,240 --> 00:18:55,100
longer wavelength lower frequency and

441
00:19:00,460 --> 00:18:58,250
smaller energies that's the point of the

442
00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:00,470
arc magnetic spectrum so let's take a

443
00:19:04,210 --> 00:19:02,210
trip across this electromagnetic

444
00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:04,220
spectrum and see what we see we're gonna

445
00:19:10,060 --> 00:19:07,010
start with the low energy and the long

446
00:19:12,820 --> 00:19:10,070
wavelengths radio waves okay wavelengths

447
00:19:14,470 --> 00:19:12,830
roughly and I gotta say these divisions

448
00:19:16,629 --> 00:19:14,480
aren't set in stone

449
00:19:18,549 --> 00:19:16,639
here are some rough rough divisions the

450
00:19:21,580 --> 00:19:18,559
wavelength is longer than a meter okay

451
00:19:25,299 --> 00:19:21,590
so this is a wave about that long okay

452
00:19:27,310 --> 00:19:25,309
and longer and longer this is why we

453
00:19:30,370 --> 00:19:27,320
need giant radio dishes okay

454
00:19:33,850 --> 00:19:30,380
the frequency is low frequency less than

455
00:19:36,940 --> 00:19:33,860
300 million Hertz yeah 300 million Hertz

456
00:19:38,710 --> 00:19:36,950
is low frequency folks okay could we get

457
00:19:40,330 --> 00:19:38,720
up to other things it'll be and it'll

458
00:19:42,430 --> 00:19:40,340
get unfathomable and actually I'll stop

459
00:19:45,090 --> 00:19:42,440
using frequencies so when we think of

460
00:19:48,120 --> 00:19:45,100
radio in our everyday life well we think

461
00:19:50,610 --> 00:19:48,130
radio this is actually a multiband radio

462
00:19:52,830 --> 00:19:50,620
that has not only your familiar AM and

463
00:19:55,980 --> 00:19:52,840
FM channels but also a bunch of

464
00:20:00,210 --> 00:19:55,990
shortwave and and other wave channels

465
00:20:02,460 --> 00:20:00,220
across here if we look at the AM n FM

466
00:20:05,370 --> 00:20:02,470
that you're used to a M stands for

467
00:20:08,640 --> 00:20:05,380
amplitude modulation and that's 540 to

468
00:20:12,990 --> 00:20:08,650
1600 kilohertz okay Killough meaning a

469
00:20:16,140 --> 00:20:13,000
thousand so the most listened-to AM

470
00:20:21,210 --> 00:20:16,150
radio station in the country is WABC AM

471
00:20:23,880 --> 00:20:21,220
770 that's 770 kilohertz or 770,000

472
00:20:25,919 --> 00:20:23,890
Hertz so the oscillations are going

473
00:20:28,590 --> 00:20:25,929
seven hundred seventy thousand times a

474
00:20:30,870 --> 00:20:28,600
second in order for you to listen to

475
00:20:32,700 --> 00:20:30,880
that from that radio station that's a

476
00:20:35,370 --> 00:20:32,710
lot of frequencies okay that's a lot of

477
00:20:37,590 --> 00:20:35,380
up and down FM radio which uses

478
00:20:41,070 --> 00:20:37,600
frequency modulation to send it's a

479
00:20:45,419 --> 00:20:41,080
signal of the sound is 88 to 108

480
00:20:47,399 --> 00:20:45,429
megahertz alright and again the this is

481
00:20:48,990 --> 00:20:47,409
a New York City radio station we have

482
00:20:51,740 --> 00:20:49,000
another New York City radio station

483
00:20:54,450 --> 00:20:51,750
that's number one in the rankings for FM

484
00:20:56,820 --> 00:20:54,460
WPLJ ninety five point five megahertz

485
00:21:00,180 --> 00:20:56,830
which is ninety five and a half million

486
00:21:02,340 --> 00:21:00,190
Hertz alright so these are the

487
00:21:04,080 --> 00:21:02,350
frequencies that you're used to you're

488
00:21:06,029 --> 00:21:04,090
working with them all the time whenever

489
00:21:08,130 --> 00:21:06,039
you turn your radio dial your getting

490
00:21:11,039 --> 00:21:08,140
either hundreds of thousands or millions

491
00:21:13,919 --> 00:21:11,049
of cycles a second when you turn on that

492
00:21:15,510 --> 00:21:13,929
radio dial astronomers when we turn on

493
00:21:18,750 --> 00:21:15,520
that radio down while I showed you one

494
00:21:21,299 --> 00:21:18,760
giant radio dish we can also tune it

495
00:21:24,270 --> 00:21:21,309
even larger this is the Very Large Array

496
00:21:26,370 --> 00:21:24,280
in Socorro New Mexico which has a whole

497
00:21:30,240 --> 00:21:26,380
bunch of these dishes

498
00:21:33,690 --> 00:21:30,250
alright arranged out in a Y formation so

499
00:21:36,510 --> 00:21:33,700
we can set them apart to synthesize a

500
00:21:37,980 --> 00:21:36,520
telescope that's even larger as I said

501
00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:37,990
radio waves we're talking a metre or

502
00:21:42,750 --> 00:21:40,210
larger this we're talking things that

503
00:21:44,549 --> 00:21:42,760
can be set across distances of miles and

504
00:21:47,430 --> 00:21:44,559
actually astronomy uses something called

505
00:21:50,610 --> 00:21:47,440
very large baseline interferometry where

506
00:21:53,940 --> 00:21:50,620
we have astronomy radio dishes across

507
00:21:55,890 --> 00:21:53,950
the globe acting as a single telescope

508
00:21:57,070 --> 00:21:55,900
to try and do really really large

509
00:21:59,650 --> 00:21:57,080
baseline

510
00:22:01,960 --> 00:21:59,660
Ronna me okay so radio waves can we can

511
00:22:05,080 --> 00:22:01,970
it can get up as far as you can set a

512
00:22:07,990 --> 00:22:05,090
standard pace for them what do we see

513
00:22:08,860 --> 00:22:08,000
well here is a picture of Jupiter in

514
00:22:11,590 --> 00:22:08,870
visible light

515
00:22:14,170 --> 00:22:11,600
okay now Jupiter has a very large

516
00:22:16,270 --> 00:22:14,180
magnetic field that's actually a very

517
00:22:19,210 --> 00:22:16,280
it's actually the size of its magnetic

518
00:22:21,730 --> 00:22:19,220
field is larger than our entire Sun and

519
00:22:23,860 --> 00:22:21,740
in terms of it but inside that magnetic

520
00:22:26,710 --> 00:22:23,870
field there are electrons bouncing up

521
00:22:28,540 --> 00:22:26,720
and down those magnetic field lines and

522
00:22:32,260 --> 00:22:28,550
when we look in radio waves

523
00:22:35,650 --> 00:22:32,270
Jupiter looks like this where you can

524
00:22:37,810 --> 00:22:35,660
see those magnetic field lines all right

525
00:22:40,630 --> 00:22:37,820
and what we call the Decca metric radio

526
00:22:43,120 --> 00:22:40,640
wavelengths of the electrons bouncing up

527
00:22:45,690 --> 00:22:43,130
and down inside those magnetic field

528
00:22:50,440 --> 00:22:45,700
lines so the magnetic field of Jupiter

529
00:22:52,330 --> 00:22:50,450
emits a lot in radio the Whirlpool

530
00:22:54,430 --> 00:22:52,340
Galaxy the galaxy that I showed you

531
00:22:57,040 --> 00:22:54,440
before all right this is what it looks

532
00:22:59,560 --> 00:22:57,050
like in visible light I'm gonna shrink

533
00:23:01,630 --> 00:22:59,570
it down to this size this is a Hubble

534
00:23:05,020 --> 00:23:01,640
image with visible light and I'm gonna

535
00:23:07,090 --> 00:23:05,030
show you what we see in radio waves in

536
00:23:08,500 --> 00:23:07,100
radio noise you can see the visible

537
00:23:11,920 --> 00:23:08,510
light you can see these beautiful spiral

538
00:23:14,740 --> 00:23:11,930
pattern but in radio waves we can see

539
00:23:16,780 --> 00:23:14,750
the gas that extends off of it all right

540
00:23:20,230 --> 00:23:16,790
you can see that there's a lot more gas

541
00:23:23,290 --> 00:23:20,240
stretching out here this is the neutral

542
00:23:25,390 --> 00:23:23,300
hydrogen gas that you can see that

543
00:23:29,170 --> 00:23:25,400
there's evidence here of a lot more

544
00:23:31,240 --> 00:23:29,180
dynamic ISM happening due to what we can

545
00:23:32,680 --> 00:23:31,250
see in the radio waves so what this is

546
00:23:34,960 --> 00:23:32,690
this is actually a composite image with

547
00:23:37,390 --> 00:23:34,970
a ground-based visible light composited

548
00:23:40,330 --> 00:23:37,400
onto the radio ways and you can see that

549
00:23:42,610 --> 00:23:40,340
there are in radio we can detect a lot

550
00:23:46,810 --> 00:23:42,620
more gas extending well beyond the

551
00:23:49,300 --> 00:23:46,820
visible extent of a Whirlpool Galaxy one

552
00:23:52,660 --> 00:23:49,310
other example for radio we'll talk about

553
00:23:55,090 --> 00:23:52,670
a supernova remnant okay so this is the

554
00:23:57,430 --> 00:23:55,100
supernova remnant Cassiopeia A the

555
00:24:00,280 --> 00:23:57,440
result of the star that just blew itself

556
00:24:03,130 --> 00:24:00,290
apart okay so in visible light we can

557
00:24:06,820 --> 00:24:03,140
see that shell the shell of material of

558
00:24:09,310 --> 00:24:06,830
a star that blew itself apart in radio

559
00:24:09,930 --> 00:24:09,320
waves we can see a lot more complex

560
00:24:13,440 --> 00:24:09,940
structure

561
00:24:15,149 --> 00:24:13,450
all right because visible light gets

562
00:24:17,220 --> 00:24:15,159
things that are at thousands of degrees

563
00:24:19,049 --> 00:24:17,230
or tens of thousands of degrees if you

564
00:24:20,730 --> 00:24:19,059
are heated up to thousands to tens of

565
00:24:23,730 --> 00:24:20,740
thousands of degrees you are hot enough

566
00:24:25,529 --> 00:24:23,740
and you radiate invisible light radio

567
00:24:27,869 --> 00:24:25,539
waves will take the lower energy stuff

568
00:24:30,990 --> 00:24:27,879
and see a lot more structure throughout

569
00:24:33,210 --> 00:24:31,000
the surrounding of that supernova

570
00:24:35,639 --> 00:24:33,220
remnant oh what I actually I forgot that

571
00:24:37,379 --> 00:24:35,649
I had one more one more of these the

572
00:24:40,740 --> 00:24:37,389
other thing that's fun to do is to take

573
00:24:43,769 --> 00:24:40,750
a visible light image and compare it to

574
00:24:46,019 --> 00:24:43,779
a radio image now here is a composite

575
00:24:48,629 --> 00:24:46,029
image from Hubble and the Very Large

576
00:24:50,730 --> 00:24:48,639
Array so what we've got here is we've

577
00:24:53,730 --> 00:24:50,740
got a galaxy a giant elliptical galaxy

578
00:24:56,159 --> 00:24:53,740
at the core of that giant elliptical

579
00:24:59,310 --> 00:24:56,169
galaxy there's a super massive black

580
00:25:03,240 --> 00:24:59,320
hole and that supermassive black hole is

581
00:25:05,430 --> 00:25:03,250
spewing out high-energy radiation okay

582
00:25:07,799 --> 00:25:05,440
around that supermassive black hole

583
00:25:09,570 --> 00:25:07,809
they're oppositely directed jets spewing

584
00:25:11,789 --> 00:25:09,580
out from that supermassive black hole

585
00:25:13,710 --> 00:25:11,799
and that although that supermassive

586
00:25:16,860 --> 00:25:13,720
black hole is on the scale of a solar

587
00:25:18,810 --> 00:25:16,870
system those Jets of radiation extend

588
00:25:22,560 --> 00:25:18,820
not only across the solar system scale

589
00:25:26,159 --> 00:25:22,570
not only across stellar scales but

590
00:25:29,820 --> 00:25:26,169
across the entire galaxy and outside the

591
00:25:31,919 --> 00:25:29,830
galaxy as seen in this radial image so

592
00:25:33,990 --> 00:25:31,929
there is something in here that's on

593
00:25:36,659 --> 00:25:34,000
order of a solar system scale spewing

594
00:25:39,919 --> 00:25:36,669
out Jets that extend five times further

595
00:25:44,730 --> 00:25:39,929
than the visible extent of this galaxy

596
00:25:46,919 --> 00:25:44,740
so if you want to see the power of a

597
00:25:49,950 --> 00:25:46,929
supermassive black hole you don't use

598
00:25:52,470 --> 00:25:49,960
visible light you go to radio where you

599
00:25:54,930 --> 00:25:52,480
see these radio galaxies and these giant

600
00:25:56,610 --> 00:25:54,940
radio lobes spewed out from the

601
00:26:00,090 --> 00:25:56,620
supermassive black holes at the core of

602
00:26:01,799 --> 00:26:00,100
these galaxies kind of cool all right

603
00:26:04,350 --> 00:26:01,809
radio wavelengths get us all sorts of

604
00:26:05,399 --> 00:26:04,360
fun stuff but that's not the only place

605
00:26:08,490 --> 00:26:05,409
we're gonna go we're gonna go to

606
00:26:10,590 --> 00:26:08,500
microwaves now radio waves were longer

607
00:26:12,570 --> 00:26:10,600
than a meter for microwaves we're going

608
00:26:14,369 --> 00:26:12,580
to go from a meter down to about a

609
00:26:17,369 --> 00:26:14,379
millimeter okay so it's about a factor

610
00:26:19,560 --> 00:26:17,379
of a thousand in scale per millimeter

611
00:26:21,149 --> 00:26:19,570
and here we're getting frequency in

612
00:26:23,470 --> 00:26:21,159
again a factor of thousand in frequency

613
00:26:25,360 --> 00:26:23,480
from 300 million Hertz to 300

614
00:26:27,730 --> 00:26:25,370
gigahertz all right you might have heard

615
00:26:30,460 --> 00:26:27,740
the phrase gigahertz used in some some

616
00:26:32,410 --> 00:26:30,470
things in particularly you might have

617
00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:32,420
heard it related to what do we think of

618
00:26:37,630 --> 00:26:34,490
microwaves right where do you go

619
00:26:40,380 --> 00:26:37,640
microwave ovens all right and microwave

620
00:26:42,580 --> 00:26:40,390
ovens heat your food by basically

621
00:26:44,530 --> 00:26:42,590
heating the water all right it's

622
00:26:46,360 --> 00:26:44,540
dielectric heating it causes basically

623
00:26:48,820 --> 00:26:46,370
the water molecules to spin because

624
00:26:50,590 --> 00:26:48,830
water molecules are not CIMMYT symmetric

625
00:26:52,090 --> 00:26:50,600
in terms of their electric charge

626
00:26:54,310 --> 00:26:52,100
they're electrically neutral but that's

627
00:26:57,580 --> 00:26:54,320
not symmetry and you can get those water

628
00:27:00,760 --> 00:26:57,590
molecules to spin by either exciting

629
00:27:03,880 --> 00:27:00,770
them with a 2.5 gigahertz or a 12

630
00:27:05,470 --> 00:27:03,890
centimeter so it's about 12 centers

631
00:27:08,590 --> 00:27:05,480
that's about 12 centimeter a 12

632
00:27:10,540 --> 00:27:08,600
centimeter wavelength or a 915 megahertz

633
00:27:13,090 --> 00:27:10,550
which is about a 32 centimeter

634
00:27:14,680 --> 00:27:13,100
wavelength okay using that you can

635
00:27:16,870 --> 00:27:14,690
excite though the water molecules in

636
00:27:19,750 --> 00:27:16,880
your food which causes them to heat up

637
00:27:22,650 --> 00:27:19,760
all right so microwave ovens do use

638
00:27:24,370 --> 00:27:22,660
microwaves to heat your food

639
00:27:26,410 --> 00:27:24,380
astronomers when we want to look at

640
00:27:28,540 --> 00:27:26,420
microwaves well we use something similar

641
00:27:31,870 --> 00:27:28,550
to what we use for radio but they can be

642
00:27:33,820 --> 00:27:31,880
smaller dishes this is the Atacama Large

643
00:27:36,910 --> 00:27:33,830
millimeter ray or otherwise known as

644
00:27:40,840 --> 00:27:36,920
Alma it's on the atacama plateau in

645
00:27:44,290 --> 00:27:40,850
Chile which is up at like 15,000 feet

646
00:27:47,860 --> 00:27:44,300
all right and it's incredibly dry and

647
00:27:50,560 --> 00:27:47,870
this is a place where you actually you

648
00:27:52,360 --> 00:27:50,570
can't breathe very well okay I like to

649
00:27:55,510 --> 00:27:52,370
make the joke that astronomers now need

650
00:27:57,520 --> 00:27:55,520
Sherpas in order to do astronomy because

651
00:27:59,800 --> 00:27:57,530
the astronomers you know can't think

652
00:28:01,060 --> 00:27:59,810
very well this numbers when they go to

653
00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:01,070
this telescope they don't go to this

654
00:28:06,130 --> 00:28:03,410
telescope they go down the mountain and

655
00:28:08,320 --> 00:28:06,140
there are about 9,000 feet okay the same

656
00:28:10,120 --> 00:28:08,330
is true on Mauna Kea when you go to that

657
00:28:11,830 --> 00:28:10,130
telescope you're at 9,000 feet the

658
00:28:15,670 --> 00:28:11,840
telescope's are much much higher above

659
00:28:19,120 --> 00:28:15,680
you but only the workers who trained

660
00:28:21,340 --> 00:28:19,130
trained and can use this are working up

661
00:28:22,990 --> 00:28:21,350
there the astronomers all stayed down so

662
00:28:25,960 --> 00:28:23,000
you really don't go to the telescopes

663
00:28:28,270 --> 00:28:25,970
well when they're this high but Alma has

664
00:28:30,250 --> 00:28:28,280
produced and we'll be producing some

665
00:28:32,410 --> 00:28:30,260
amazing images I'm going to show you one

666
00:28:33,980 --> 00:28:32,420
of its most amazing coming forward so

667
00:28:36,590 --> 00:28:33,990
let's return to that

668
00:28:38,390 --> 00:28:36,600
Whirlpool Galaxy and take a look in

669
00:28:40,040 --> 00:28:38,400
millimeter wavelengths okay

670
00:28:42,110 --> 00:28:40,050
so when we look in millimeter

671
00:28:45,530 --> 00:28:42,120
wavelengths you can see all that dark

672
00:28:47,690 --> 00:28:45,540
gas in here all right that gas is dark

673
00:28:51,350 --> 00:28:47,700
with visible light and millimeter

674
00:28:54,169 --> 00:28:51,360
wavelengths it shows up really strongly

675
00:28:58,070 --> 00:28:54,179
what we're seeing in here is the really

676
00:29:01,370 --> 00:28:58,080
dense cold gas that very densest coldest

677
00:29:03,919 --> 00:29:01,380
gas along those spiral arms these are

678
00:29:06,080 --> 00:29:03,929
the densest cloud regions along inside

679
00:29:08,530 --> 00:29:06,090
inside this galaxy so if I go back here

680
00:29:11,360 --> 00:29:08,540
you can see the densest regions

681
00:29:14,240 --> 00:29:11,370
all right the densest regions an

682
00:29:16,549 --> 00:29:14,250
invisible light all right show up as the

683
00:29:18,799 --> 00:29:16,559
brightest regions in millimeter

684
00:29:22,850 --> 00:29:18,809
wavelengths so if we want to study the

685
00:29:25,970 --> 00:29:22,860
molecular gas in a galaxy we go to the

686
00:29:28,340 --> 00:29:25,980
the millimeter microwave region in order

687
00:29:32,020 --> 00:29:28,350
to see the details of what's going on

688
00:29:35,570 --> 00:29:32,030
inside we can also do the same thing for

689
00:29:40,760 --> 00:29:35,580
just around stars now this is a Hubble

690
00:29:43,760 --> 00:29:40,770
image of the disc around a star 107 1 4

691
00:29:45,020 --> 00:29:43,770
6 HD 107 146 I always have to read that

692
00:29:48,020 --> 00:29:45,030
because I can't memorize these phone

693
00:29:50,540 --> 00:29:48,030
numbers now what we've done here is that

694
00:29:53,630 --> 00:29:50,550
we blocked out the light of the star in

695
00:29:56,150 --> 00:29:53,640
order to see that the material in a disc

696
00:29:59,210 --> 00:29:56,160
so this is basically a base on disc a

697
00:30:01,820 --> 00:29:59,220
thin disc around a forming star all

698
00:30:04,490 --> 00:30:01,830
right and in that disc is where we

699
00:30:07,520 --> 00:30:04,500
expect to see planets form all right and

700
00:30:10,430 --> 00:30:07,530
so Hubble can see that these discs

701
00:30:13,880 --> 00:30:10,440
exists but it can't see a lot of the

702
00:30:17,299 --> 00:30:13,890
details microwaves can actually show us

703
00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:17,309
a lot more so this is a star called HL

704
00:30:23,660 --> 00:30:21,330
Tauri it is Hubble's view of it and HL

705
00:30:25,820 --> 00:30:23,670
Tauri is in here and it's all shrouded

706
00:30:28,549 --> 00:30:25,830
by all sorts of dust we really can't see

707
00:30:31,490 --> 00:30:28,559
much about HL Tauri in visible light but

708
00:30:35,930 --> 00:30:31,500
if you go to the Alma array and you take

709
00:30:39,110 --> 00:30:35,940
a picture you get this image here this

710
00:30:41,060 --> 00:30:39,120
is not an artist's illustration all

711
00:30:42,799 --> 00:30:41,070
right this looks to me like it's an

712
00:30:45,290 --> 00:30:42,809
artist drew these concentric circles

713
00:30:46,010 --> 00:30:45,300
this is an actual image from the Alma

714
00:30:50,120 --> 00:30:46,020
array

715
00:30:52,549 --> 00:30:50,130
looking at a disk around HL Tauri and we

716
00:30:56,390 --> 00:30:52,559
can see that there are these wonderful

717
00:30:59,450 --> 00:30:56,400
beautiful concentric disk gaps in the

718
00:31:01,520 --> 00:30:59,460
disk around HL Tauri this is exactly

719
00:31:04,250 --> 00:31:01,530
what we expect from planet formation

720
00:31:06,650 --> 00:31:04,260
when you start to form planets you get

721
00:31:08,960 --> 00:31:06,660
gravitational perturbations and the

722
00:31:11,510 --> 00:31:08,970
material flows onto these planets and

723
00:31:13,790 --> 00:31:11,520
they will pull out these gaps inside

724
00:31:15,230 --> 00:31:13,800
these disks now we can't say that

725
00:31:17,570 --> 00:31:15,240
there's a planet inside every one of

726
00:31:18,950 --> 00:31:17,580
these gaps because of course what we get

727
00:31:21,770 --> 00:31:18,960
is not only just the gaps where the

728
00:31:23,360 --> 00:31:21,780
planets form but you also get gaps in

729
00:31:25,850 --> 00:31:23,370
terms of resonances gravitational

730
00:31:28,370 --> 00:31:25,860
resonances in that same disk so if

731
00:31:30,680 --> 00:31:28,380
you're you know if if this thing orbits

732
00:31:32,660 --> 00:31:30,690
one twice for every time this orbits

733
00:31:34,549 --> 00:31:32,670
once you get a resonance there and you

734
00:31:36,890 --> 00:31:34,559
can actually get a gap not where the

735
00:31:40,220 --> 00:31:36,900
planet is but where a resonance for that

736
00:31:42,320 --> 00:31:40,230
planet is so in using the idea the Alma

737
00:31:44,000 --> 00:31:42,330
array they're able to get this amazing

738
00:31:46,250 --> 00:31:44,010
image this is one of the first images

739
00:31:47,810 --> 00:31:46,260
released from Alma and shows that there

740
00:31:50,810 --> 00:31:47,820
should be some amazing more things

741
00:31:52,760 --> 00:31:50,820
coming up one other thing that I have to

742
00:31:55,160 --> 00:31:52,770
go through from microwaves is taking a

743
00:31:57,080 --> 00:31:55,170
look at some all-sky photographs now I

744
00:31:59,299 --> 00:31:57,090
want to prep you for that by showing you

745
00:32:01,370 --> 00:31:59,309
an image of Earth okay

746
00:32:03,140 --> 00:32:01,380
we know that Earth is a globe but when

747
00:32:04,700 --> 00:32:03,150
we want to put it onto a map we

748
00:32:07,460 --> 00:32:04,710
generally have to distort it to put it

749
00:32:09,710 --> 00:32:07,470
onto a map right the Mercator projection

750
00:32:12,140 --> 00:32:09,720
is all things all sorts of distorted

751
00:32:14,180 --> 00:32:12,150
Greenland looks way too huge so when we

752
00:32:15,830 --> 00:32:14,190
try to take a sphere and put it on a

753
00:32:18,290 --> 00:32:15,840
flat piece of paper we use various

754
00:32:21,080 --> 00:32:18,300
projections this is one called an eighth

755
00:32:24,260 --> 00:32:21,090
off projection okay which takes a sphere

756
00:32:24,620 --> 00:32:24,270
and roughly distorts things less all

757
00:32:26,419 --> 00:32:24,630
right

758
00:32:28,760 --> 00:32:26,429
creates a nice oval out of the sphere

759
00:32:30,620 --> 00:32:28,770
and distorts things a little less than

760
00:32:31,610 --> 00:32:30,630
other projections all right so

761
00:32:34,460 --> 00:32:31,620
everything I'm going to show you from

762
00:32:37,160 --> 00:32:34,470
here on in is not the earth but it's the

763
00:32:40,940 --> 00:32:37,170
entire sphere of the sky projected in

764
00:32:44,350 --> 00:32:40,950
this 8th off projection alright so now I

765
00:32:50,570 --> 00:32:44,360
have for you an amazing image an image

766
00:32:54,440 --> 00:32:50,580
worthy of two two Nobel prizes okay this

767
00:33:02,350 --> 00:32:54,450
next image led to two Nobel prizes you

768
00:33:08,930 --> 00:33:05,659
that's two Nobel prizes worth okay let

769
00:33:13,100 --> 00:33:08,940
me explain this is an image of the

770
00:33:15,320 --> 00:33:13,110
Cosmic Microwave Background okay as we

771
00:33:18,649 --> 00:33:15,330
look out into space we're also looking

772
00:33:20,600 --> 00:33:18,659
back into time okay when the universe

773
00:33:24,110 --> 00:33:20,610
was really really young and really

774
00:33:26,899 --> 00:33:24,120
really small and really really hot it

775
00:33:28,210 --> 00:33:26,909
actually glowed and the light from what

776
00:33:31,580 --> 00:33:28,220
we call the surface of last scattering

777
00:33:33,460 --> 00:33:31,590
has free streamed across the universe it

778
00:33:35,899 --> 00:33:33,470
started out at several thousand degrees

779
00:33:38,389 --> 00:33:35,909
but because of the expansion of the

780
00:33:41,840 --> 00:33:38,399
universe it has cooled down to about

781
00:33:44,299 --> 00:33:41,850
three degrees all right and the house

782
00:33:47,630 --> 00:33:44,309
that it's at three degrees that means

783
00:33:51,980 --> 00:33:47,640
it's emission is now observable in the

784
00:33:55,760 --> 00:33:51,990
microwaves so Penzias and Wilson at Bell

785
00:33:58,159 --> 00:33:55,770
Labs found a radio signal in their

786
00:34:01,700 --> 00:33:58,169
microwave antenna that they couldn't

787
00:34:03,500 --> 00:34:01,710
identify and it was uniform across the

788
00:34:07,310 --> 00:34:03,510
entire sky which is why this is such a

789
00:34:11,149 --> 00:34:07,320
boring image k but this is the remnant

790
00:34:13,399 --> 00:34:11,159
radiation of the early universe from

791
00:34:16,579 --> 00:34:13,409
about half a million years 400,000 years

792
00:34:19,550 --> 00:34:16,589
after the Big Bang as the universe

793
00:34:22,220 --> 00:34:19,560
expanded and cooled there's a surface at

794
00:34:24,109 --> 00:34:22,230
which the last light leaves and that

795
00:34:26,119 --> 00:34:24,119
light comes across universe and it's

796
00:34:27,560 --> 00:34:26,129
available in every direction because in

797
00:34:30,020 --> 00:34:27,570
every direction we're looking out into

798
00:34:32,329 --> 00:34:30,030
space we're looking back into time we're

799
00:34:35,899 --> 00:34:32,339
seeing the relics of the early universe

800
00:34:37,760 --> 00:34:35,909
and so just getting this discovering

801
00:34:39,740 --> 00:34:37,770
this three degree Kelvin microwave

802
00:34:42,829 --> 00:34:39,750
background radiation was worthy of a

803
00:34:44,960 --> 00:34:42,839
Nobel Prize the second Nobel Prize comes

804
00:34:47,659 --> 00:34:44,970
when you look deeper into this image so

805
00:34:49,250 --> 00:34:47,669
let's take that average that average

806
00:34:51,139 --> 00:34:49,260
three degrees I'd like to point seven

807
00:34:53,540 --> 00:34:51,149
three degrees and we'll subtract it off

808
00:34:55,669 --> 00:34:53,550
to see what we get okay so we get taken

809
00:34:58,370 --> 00:34:55,679
rid of the average and we come and we

810
00:35:00,050 --> 00:34:58,380
get a cosmic yin-yang symbol well that's

811
00:35:01,640 --> 00:35:00,060
not actually what you're seeing what

812
00:35:03,320 --> 00:35:01,650
you're seeing here is it's a little bit

813
00:35:05,599 --> 00:35:03,330
hotter in this direction a little bit

814
00:35:07,520 --> 00:35:05,609
colder in this direction because the

815
00:35:09,079 --> 00:35:07,530
Milky Way galaxy is moving through the

816
00:35:11,720 --> 00:35:09,089
universe okay

817
00:35:14,120 --> 00:35:11,730
so that actually is what

818
00:35:16,220 --> 00:35:14,130
we're seeing is as actually the Doppler

819
00:35:18,260 --> 00:35:16,230
shift of the galaxy moving through the

820
00:35:19,970 --> 00:35:18,270
universe so this isn't really any any

821
00:35:21,980 --> 00:35:19,980
cosmic signal it's just due to the

822
00:35:25,160 --> 00:35:21,990
motion of our galaxy so let's subtract

823
00:35:27,500 --> 00:35:25,170
that off and what do we see we see this

824
00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:27,510
big red line across here well that

825
00:35:32,780 --> 00:35:30,090
actually is the emission from stuff

826
00:35:33,770 --> 00:35:32,790
inside our galaxy that has nothing to do

827
00:35:35,720 --> 00:35:33,780
with the cosmos

828
00:35:37,940 --> 00:35:35,730
that's just our galaxy so we work really

829
00:35:39,680 --> 00:35:37,950
really hard to model the emission of our

830
00:35:42,800 --> 00:35:39,690
galaxy in microwaves and then we

831
00:35:44,470 --> 00:35:42,810
subtract that off and what do we get we

832
00:35:47,120 --> 00:35:44,480
get the result from the Coby satellite

833
00:35:49,070 --> 00:35:47,130
okay so you're taking out the average

834
00:35:50,840 --> 00:35:49,080
you've taken out the Doppler motion of

835
00:35:52,730 --> 00:35:50,850
the galaxy you've taken out the emission

836
00:35:56,900 --> 00:35:52,740
from the galaxy and what you are left

837
00:35:58,720 --> 00:35:56,910
with is the tiny variations in the

838
00:36:01,820 --> 00:35:58,730
cosmic microwave background radiation

839
00:36:04,099 --> 00:36:01,830
all right so you're seeing the universe

840
00:36:06,320 --> 00:36:04,109
as it was half a million years after the

841
00:36:09,020 --> 00:36:06,330
Big Bang and now you're seeing that it

842
00:36:11,810 --> 00:36:09,030
has tiny little variations those tiny

843
00:36:13,849 --> 00:36:11,820
little variations are actually density

844
00:36:15,830 --> 00:36:13,859
variations it's a little bit more dense

845
00:36:18,470 --> 00:36:15,840
here a little bit less dense there

846
00:36:20,599 --> 00:36:18,480
you're seeing the seeds of structure

847
00:36:22,670 --> 00:36:20,609
formation these are the tiny tiny seeds

848
00:36:24,920 --> 00:36:22,680
of structure formation that will then

849
00:36:27,800 --> 00:36:24,930
grow into galaxies and clusters of

850
00:36:30,050 --> 00:36:27,810
galaxies and superclusters of galaxies

851
00:36:32,240 --> 00:36:30,060
and this is so important it's not just

852
00:36:34,550 --> 00:36:32,250
the Coby satellite but we followed that

853
00:36:36,740 --> 00:36:34,560
with aw Maps satellite and that was

854
00:36:40,250 --> 00:36:36,750
followed up but the Planck satellite in

855
00:36:42,470 --> 00:36:40,260
order to get more and more detail in the

856
00:36:44,720 --> 00:36:42,480
Cosmic Microwave Background we're

857
00:36:47,270 --> 00:36:44,730
studying the seeds of structure

858
00:36:50,270 --> 00:36:47,280
formation in the universe in microwaves

859
00:36:53,030 --> 00:36:50,280
and not just this and just bursts of the

860
00:36:54,080 --> 00:36:53,040
initial discovery of it merited a Nobel

861
00:36:56,810 --> 00:36:54,090
Prize but the discovery of the

862
00:36:59,720 --> 00:36:56,820
variations in it also merited a Nobel

863
00:37:01,880 --> 00:36:59,730
Prize seeing the beginnings of structure

864
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:01,890
forming in the universe that's what we

865
00:37:06,520 --> 00:37:04,410
see in microwaves all right let's move

866
00:37:09,710 --> 00:37:06,530
on to a little bit longer infrared light

867
00:37:12,950 --> 00:37:09,720
okay so let's see we've got about one

868
00:37:15,349 --> 00:37:12,960
millimeter down to about 700 nanometers

869
00:37:18,050 --> 00:37:15,359
so that's a little over a factor of a

870
00:37:19,460 --> 00:37:18,060
thousand for infrared light now when you

871
00:37:20,599 --> 00:37:19,470
think about infrared light in your daily

872
00:37:24,020 --> 00:37:20,609
life all right

873
00:37:25,550 --> 00:37:24,030
anybody here computer gamers okay and

874
00:37:28,070 --> 00:37:25,560
you play call of duty and

875
00:37:30,590 --> 00:37:28,080
that mode that you know we can see

876
00:37:32,990 --> 00:37:30,600
things in the dark right okay that's

877
00:37:34,880 --> 00:37:33,000
called night vision and a lot of people

878
00:37:37,580 --> 00:37:34,890
think that that's infrared vision all

879
00:37:39,320 --> 00:37:37,590
right and it's not night vision

880
00:37:41,240 --> 00:37:39,330
especially as it would be used in call

881
00:37:43,340 --> 00:37:41,250
of duty or anything it's just enhanced

882
00:37:45,740 --> 00:37:43,350
low-light vision okay so when you see a

883
00:37:47,690 --> 00:37:45,750
picture like this you're amplifying the

884
00:37:49,790 --> 00:37:47,700
light around it okay it's not infrared

885
00:37:52,490 --> 00:37:49,800
light there is some infrared light that

886
00:37:54,590 --> 00:37:52,500
you can use like that but really when

887
00:37:56,630 --> 00:37:54,600
you want to look at the infrared you're

888
00:37:58,580 --> 00:37:56,640
gonna get pictures like this okay so

889
00:38:00,920 --> 00:37:58,590
this is a visible light image of a

890
00:38:03,620 --> 00:38:00,930
firefighter all right and the same

891
00:38:06,320 --> 00:38:03,630
infrared image of that firefighter shows

892
00:38:09,590 --> 00:38:06,330
him glowing but also shows that human

893
00:38:11,810 --> 00:38:09,600
person on the floor glowing all right

894
00:38:15,260 --> 00:38:11,820
using infrared light you're seeing heat

895
00:38:17,090 --> 00:38:15,270
radiation okay all right and where

896
00:38:19,850 --> 00:38:17,100
things may be obscured in visible light

897
00:38:22,520 --> 00:38:19,860
the heat radiation can go through you

898
00:38:25,280 --> 00:38:22,530
are all emitting infrared radiation

899
00:38:28,730 --> 00:38:25,290
right now okay objects at room

900
00:38:30,350 --> 00:38:28,740
temperature emit infrared radiation okay

901
00:38:32,420 --> 00:38:30,360
all right they're at hundreds of degrees

902
00:38:34,100 --> 00:38:32,430
in Kelvin you are emitting infrared

903
00:38:36,170 --> 00:38:34,110
radiation if you're thousands of Riis

904
00:38:37,990 --> 00:38:36,180
Kelvin you're emitting visible light you

905
00:38:41,230 --> 00:38:38,000
aren't that hot I hope not okay

906
00:38:45,050 --> 00:38:41,240
sincerely hope you're not that hot but

907
00:38:47,570 --> 00:38:45,060
you are emitting infrared radiation now

908
00:38:50,660 --> 00:38:47,580
for astronomers infrared radiation has a

909
00:38:52,280 --> 00:38:50,670
variety of ways that we detect it some

910
00:38:53,930 --> 00:38:52,290
infrared radiation makes it through our

911
00:38:56,420 --> 00:38:53,940
atmosphere to the ground so we can

912
00:38:58,550 --> 00:38:56,430
observe infrared radiation with normal

913
00:39:00,350 --> 00:38:58,560
telescopes okay so these are the twin

914
00:39:02,480 --> 00:39:00,360
tech telescopes that talk Mauna Kea

915
00:39:04,970 --> 00:39:02,490
alright they're giant light buckets

916
00:39:07,700 --> 00:39:04,980
really really good for observing in the

917
00:39:09,590 --> 00:39:07,710
infrared however if you get up above

918
00:39:11,210 --> 00:39:09,600
higher in the atmosphere the higher in

919
00:39:13,190 --> 00:39:11,220
the atmosphere you get the better your

920
00:39:16,370 --> 00:39:13,200
view is so why not take an infrared

921
00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:16,380
telescope and put it on a plane okay

922
00:39:20,630 --> 00:39:18,210
this is Sofia the stratospheric

923
00:39:22,910 --> 00:39:20,640
Observatory for infrared astronomy and

924
00:39:26,030 --> 00:39:22,920
that is the hatch that is open for an

925
00:39:28,520 --> 00:39:26,040
infrared telescope you fly it up at high

926
00:39:31,310 --> 00:39:28,530
plane altitudes you get a better view of

927
00:39:33,590 --> 00:39:31,320
the universe okay and of course you can

928
00:39:36,530 --> 00:39:33,600
go up into space you can take it further

929
00:39:37,900 --> 00:39:36,540
up into space and you can have the

930
00:39:40,180 --> 00:39:37,910
Spitzer Space Telescope which

931
00:39:42,010 --> 00:39:40,190
an infrared telescope and the upcoming

932
00:39:44,950 --> 00:39:42,020
James Webb Space Telescope that will

933
00:39:47,770 --> 00:39:44,960
launch in 2018 also an infrared Space

934
00:39:49,480 --> 00:39:47,780
Observatory all right so I'm Freret is

935
00:39:51,880 --> 00:39:49,490
able to do from the ground from

936
00:39:54,190 --> 00:39:51,890
airplanes and from space oh by the way I

937
00:39:56,260 --> 00:39:54,200
will also note that these two are not to

938
00:40:00,099 --> 00:39:56,270
scale okay

939
00:40:02,289 --> 00:40:00,109
the the main mirror of keV of Spitzer is

940
00:40:05,589 --> 00:40:02,299
smaller than one of these mirrors for

941
00:40:08,049 --> 00:40:05,599
James Webb okay so this is a point eight

942
00:40:10,270 --> 00:40:08,059
meter telescope mirror telescope this is

943
00:40:11,859 --> 00:40:10,280
a six and a half meter telescope so you

944
00:40:14,500 --> 00:40:11,869
can see what an incredible improvement

945
00:40:18,010 --> 00:40:14,510
this will be over that for infrared for

946
00:40:20,289 --> 00:40:18,020
infrared space astronomy so I told you

947
00:40:23,410 --> 00:40:20,299
to Pater's actually glowing in the

948
00:40:26,440 --> 00:40:23,420
infrared this is a visible light view of

949
00:40:28,569 --> 00:40:26,450
Jupiter and here is an infrared view of

950
00:40:31,240 --> 00:40:28,579
Jupiter all right and you can see the

951
00:40:33,099 --> 00:40:31,250
emission coming from coming from the

952
00:40:35,650 --> 00:40:33,109
internal of Jupiter and in particular

953
00:40:39,010 --> 00:40:35,660
one of my favorite things is that the

954
00:40:41,799 --> 00:40:39,020
Great Red Spot as well as Red Spot jr.

955
00:40:44,289 --> 00:40:41,809
okay Great Red Spot and Red Spot jr. are

956
00:40:47,650 --> 00:40:44,299
sources where infrared light is escaping

957
00:40:50,079 --> 00:40:47,660
from the internal on Jupiter if you look

958
00:40:52,359 --> 00:40:50,089
at infrared one of my favorite infrared

959
00:40:54,519 --> 00:40:52,369
images you can see how bright it is here

960
00:40:56,890 --> 00:40:54,529
and the end the Great Red Spot and for

961
00:40:59,890 --> 00:40:56,900
Red Spot jr. in terms of seeing the

962
00:41:03,970 --> 00:40:59,900
infrared light coming from them what a

963
00:41:05,710 --> 00:41:03,980
gorgeous infrared view infrared is also

964
00:41:07,599 --> 00:41:05,720
incredibly useful we're not just looking

965
00:41:10,750 --> 00:41:07,609
at the planets but in terms of looking

966
00:41:12,609 --> 00:41:10,760
at nebulae this is one of the famous

967
00:41:16,809 --> 00:41:12,619
images we released for servicing mission

968
00:41:18,910 --> 00:41:16,819
4 in 2009 and here we have the pillar in

969
00:41:20,529 --> 00:41:18,920
the Carina Nebula and you can see that

970
00:41:22,630 --> 00:41:20,539
you've got a good number of stars around

971
00:41:25,420 --> 00:41:22,640
it but you can see there's all this gas

972
00:41:28,059 --> 00:41:25,430
emission well infrared light has longer

973
00:41:30,250 --> 00:41:28,069
wavelengths than visible light so the

974
00:41:33,519 --> 00:41:30,260
wavelengths penetrate through that gas

975
00:41:37,349 --> 00:41:33,529
all right and so the infrared version of

976
00:41:40,480 --> 00:41:37,359
this image from Hubble is this all right

977
00:41:43,240 --> 00:41:40,490
there's the visible light there's the

978
00:41:45,370 --> 00:41:43,250
infra red look at all the stars you see

979
00:41:48,670 --> 00:41:45,380
because you are peering through some of

980
00:41:51,460 --> 00:41:48,680
that gas furthermore if you go in in

981
00:41:54,280 --> 00:41:51,470
detail there is a star forming in

982
00:41:57,099 --> 00:41:54,290
here okay there is a star forming inside

983
00:41:59,140 --> 00:41:57,109
there that is not clearly visible in

984
00:42:02,920 --> 00:41:59,150
visible light yeah visible invisible

985
00:42:05,770 --> 00:42:02,930
light recognizable in optical light how

986
00:42:08,349 --> 00:42:05,780
about that okay but if we go to the

987
00:42:11,349 --> 00:42:08,359
infrared there you see it right there

988
00:42:14,410 --> 00:42:11,359
okay there is a star you can see the jet

989
00:42:16,270 --> 00:42:14,420
of emission from that newborn star we go

990
00:42:18,040 --> 00:42:16,280
back you can see that there's a little

991
00:42:21,040 --> 00:42:18,050
bit of something here that you can see

992
00:42:23,859 --> 00:42:21,050
with visible light but there you can see

993
00:42:26,109 --> 00:42:23,869
the star so if you want to study star

994
00:42:28,570 --> 00:42:26,119
formation all right you want to go to

995
00:42:30,370 --> 00:42:28,580
the infrared this is one of the main

996
00:42:33,160 --> 00:42:30,380
tasks of the James Webb Space Telescope

997
00:42:36,070 --> 00:42:33,170
will be to look at places where stars

998
00:42:39,190 --> 00:42:36,080
are forming to peer into that that dense

999
00:42:41,740 --> 00:42:39,200
gas and see deeper in to see the

1000
00:42:44,410 --> 00:42:41,750
structure of star formation in the

1001
00:42:46,570 --> 00:42:44,420
infrared let's go back to the Whirlpool

1002
00:42:49,120 --> 00:42:46,580
Galaxy this is not that Hubble image of

1003
00:42:51,400 --> 00:42:49,130
it because we're going to compare it to

1004
00:42:54,310 --> 00:42:51,410
an infrared Spitzer image this is a

1005
00:42:56,410 --> 00:42:54,320
ground-based image from the National

1006
00:42:58,060 --> 00:42:56,420
optical Astronomy Observatory and here

1007
00:42:59,920 --> 00:42:58,070
you can see that beautiful pattern of

1008
00:43:03,070 --> 00:42:59,930
the Whirlpool again let's highlight

1009
00:43:06,310 --> 00:43:03,080
those dark dust lanes because in the

1010
00:43:09,640 --> 00:43:06,320
infrared though those dust lanes are

1011
00:43:13,089 --> 00:43:09,650
glowing all right there's the visible

1012
00:43:14,980 --> 00:43:13,099
light there's the infrared all right if

1013
00:43:19,180 --> 00:43:14,990
you look right along here you can see

1014
00:43:21,760 --> 00:43:19,190
visible light infrared all right those

1015
00:43:23,950 --> 00:43:21,770
got instead of C being dominated by the

1016
00:43:26,470 --> 00:43:23,960
stars and the bright stars in the galaxy

1017
00:43:29,109 --> 00:43:26,480
you are now not that this view is

1018
00:43:30,880 --> 00:43:29,119
dominated by the cool gas in the galaxy

1019
00:43:33,780 --> 00:43:30,890
the warm gas in the galaxy not the very

1020
00:43:34,930 --> 00:43:33,790
cold gas the dense gas that we saw in

1021
00:43:37,359 --> 00:43:34,940
microwaves

1022
00:43:39,040 --> 00:43:37,369
all right millimeter observations but

1023
00:43:43,180 --> 00:43:39,050
instead this is slightly warmer than

1024
00:43:44,380 --> 00:43:43,190
that for that again infrared is

1025
00:43:47,050 --> 00:43:44,390
generally hundreds of degrees

1026
00:43:49,839 --> 00:43:47,060
temperature in the gas so we can see

1027
00:43:52,359 --> 00:43:49,849
different phases of the gas by looking

1028
00:43:54,130 --> 00:43:52,369
in different wavelengths of light okay

1029
00:43:57,010 --> 00:43:54,140
so now we've gone half way through we've

1030
00:43:58,270 --> 00:43:57,020
got up to visible light and what I want

1031
00:43:59,230 --> 00:43:58,280
to notice above this will like is I've

1032
00:44:01,210 --> 00:43:59,240
already talked about visibly

1033
00:44:04,910 --> 00:44:01,220
observations is that it only goes from

1034
00:44:07,130 --> 00:44:04,920
400 to 700 nanometers

1035
00:44:08,750 --> 00:44:07,140
than a factor of two we were talking

1036
00:44:10,760 --> 00:44:08,760
about factories about thousand for these

1037
00:44:12,970 --> 00:44:10,770
wavelength regions all right when we

1038
00:44:16,040 --> 00:44:12,980
look at the electromagnetic spectrum

1039
00:44:19,370 --> 00:44:16,050
just drawing in all these colors over

1040
00:44:21,650 --> 00:44:19,380
States the size of visible light in that

1041
00:44:24,470 --> 00:44:21,660
it's not that important or region

1042
00:44:26,480 --> 00:44:24,480
the only reason reason that visible

1043
00:44:28,550 --> 00:44:26,490
light is important is because it happens

1044
00:44:32,060 --> 00:44:28,560
to be the region with which we see it's

1045
00:44:35,060 --> 00:44:32,070
a tiny tiny region within the

1046
00:44:36,650 --> 00:44:35,070
electromagnetic spectrum because most of

1047
00:44:40,130 --> 00:44:36,660
the other regions are much much larger

1048
00:44:42,140 --> 00:44:40,140
than that in terms of the the size of

1049
00:44:43,640 --> 00:44:42,150
wavelengths that they cover all right

1050
00:44:46,580 --> 00:44:43,650
but since it's ours

1051
00:44:48,020 --> 00:44:46,590
well we'll keep it as a real segment but

1052
00:44:49,970 --> 00:44:48,030
you know it's not really a respectable

1053
00:44:51,230 --> 00:44:49,980
one okay you know we've kicked Pluto out

1054
00:44:53,060 --> 00:44:51,240
as a planet maybe we should kick

1055
00:44:54,800 --> 00:44:53,070
visible-light out as a as a band of the

1056
00:44:56,630 --> 00:44:54,810
wavelengths right you know it just

1057
00:45:03,010 --> 00:44:56,640
should be a subset of infrared or a

1058
00:45:07,640 --> 00:45:06,410
altra violet light from ten nine years

1059
00:45:10,160 --> 00:45:07,650
to four hundred entries you can see

1060
00:45:12,710 --> 00:45:10,170
that's a factor of 40 okay so a factor

1061
00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:12,720
of two for visible light that's my point

1062
00:45:17,660 --> 00:45:15,210
all right we think of ultraviolet light

1063
00:45:19,730 --> 00:45:17,670
in our everyday we start thinking about

1064
00:45:21,950 --> 00:45:19,740
going to the beach and going out in the

1065
00:45:23,980 --> 00:45:21,960
Sun and getting a tan and everything

1066
00:45:25,850 --> 00:45:23,990
okay and of course when we think about

1067
00:45:28,970 --> 00:45:25,860
ultraviolet we talk about ultraviolet

1068
00:45:31,460 --> 00:45:28,980
protection and what's the UV blockage of

1069
00:45:34,040 --> 00:45:31,470
your sunglasses and does your

1070
00:45:37,570 --> 00:45:34,050
broad-spectrum sunscreen protect you

1071
00:45:39,620 --> 00:45:37,580
against the ultraviolet rays well I

1072
00:45:41,600 --> 00:45:39,630
happen to have kind of you know

1073
00:45:44,660 --> 00:45:41,610
sensitive skin okay I need to use lots

1074
00:45:47,570 --> 00:45:44,670
and lots of lots of sunblock okay but

1075
00:45:50,360 --> 00:45:47,580
I'm really really glad that we have an

1076
00:45:53,510 --> 00:45:50,370
atmosphere because our atmosphere

1077
00:45:57,320 --> 00:45:53,520
actually absorbs most of the ultraviolet

1078
00:46:00,200 --> 00:45:57,330
radiation okay we cannot do ultraviolet

1079
00:46:02,900 --> 00:46:00,210
astronomy from the ground all right you

1080
00:46:06,770 --> 00:46:02,910
can see by this diagram here is the of

1081
00:46:07,910 --> 00:46:06,780
the penetration depth of the various

1082
00:46:10,520 --> 00:46:07,920
wavelengths you can see without the

1083
00:46:12,890 --> 00:46:10,530
optical window we have the radio window

1084
00:46:15,140 --> 00:46:12,900
you can see how all true infrared get

1085
00:46:17,240 --> 00:46:15,150
some gets to the ground some you know

1086
00:46:17,840 --> 00:46:17,250
can go there but we really still need to

1087
00:46:19,340 --> 00:46:17,850
do in for

1088
00:46:22,370 --> 00:46:19,350
to do it Fred right you got to go to

1089
00:46:24,530 --> 00:46:22,380
space well for ultraviolet and longer

1090
00:46:26,570 --> 00:46:24,540
you got to go to space to do astronomy

1091
00:46:28,520 --> 00:46:26,580
all right which also means that if we

1092
00:46:30,950 --> 00:46:28,530
didn't have that atmosphere there it

1093
00:46:32,390 --> 00:46:30,960
would be really really bad because you

1094
00:46:35,470 --> 00:46:32,400
know we get some serious serious

1095
00:46:38,390 --> 00:46:35,480
sunburns okay where we go up into space

1096
00:46:39,680 --> 00:46:38,400
we have one of the telescopes up there

1097
00:46:44,330 --> 00:46:39,690
is the galaxy

1098
00:46:45,740 --> 00:46:44,340
the Galaxy Evolution Explorer and infra

1099
00:46:48,350 --> 00:46:45,750
telescope that seems to have only one

1100
00:46:50,180 --> 00:46:48,360
press release drawing of it I was

1101
00:46:54,590 --> 00:46:50,190
looking around saying this is kind of

1102
00:46:56,630 --> 00:46:54,600
you know overdone a little bit with with

1103
00:46:58,520 --> 00:46:56,640
the the Sun peeking over there I was

1104
00:46:59,690 --> 00:46:58,530
trying to find another galaxy but that's

1105
00:47:02,420 --> 00:46:59,700
it that's all I could find on the

1106
00:47:04,430 --> 00:47:02,430
internet today for Galax in terms of

1107
00:47:07,070 --> 00:47:04,440
being I think but this is an ultraviolet

1108
00:47:09,170 --> 00:47:07,080
telescope and as you may know the Hubble

1109
00:47:12,050 --> 00:47:09,180
Space Telescope observes a little bit of

1110
00:47:15,890 --> 00:47:12,060
the ultraviolet so you can use normal

1111
00:47:17,300 --> 00:47:15,900
optics to absorb ultraviolet and so and

1112
00:47:19,700 --> 00:47:17,310
this is of course tune with the

1113
00:47:22,910 --> 00:47:19,710
ultraviolet detectors to see in the

1114
00:47:25,190 --> 00:47:22,920
ultraviolet with Galax so what is our

1115
00:47:27,920 --> 00:47:25,200
favorite targets astronomical targets in

1116
00:47:30,950 --> 00:47:27,930
the ultraviolet one of them is our Sun

1117
00:47:33,380 --> 00:47:30,960
now our Sun and visible light looks kind

1118
00:47:35,960 --> 00:47:33,390
of boring okay it's just kind of smooth

1119
00:47:37,970 --> 00:47:35,970
and it has a few freckles right you put

1120
00:47:40,910 --> 00:47:37,980
that you observe it in ultraviolet and

1121
00:47:43,720 --> 00:47:40,920
then you start to see the energy in the

1122
00:47:46,760 --> 00:47:43,730
Sun so these are four different

1123
00:47:48,890 --> 00:47:46,770
wavelength bands four different

1124
00:47:51,440 --> 00:47:48,900
observation reading regions within the

1125
00:47:53,180 --> 00:47:51,450
ultraviolet okay and one of the great

1126
00:47:55,880 --> 00:47:53,190
things these solar astronomers have done

1127
00:47:58,490 --> 00:47:55,890
they they've decided that for the

1128
00:48:01,160 --> 00:47:58,500
various wavelengths they're going to use

1129
00:48:03,590 --> 00:48:01,170
single colors so whenever you see this

1130
00:48:07,730 --> 00:48:03,600
red you can know that it's 30.4

1131
00:48:11,420 --> 00:48:07,740
nanometers or 304 angstroms okay I think

1132
00:48:13,100 --> 00:48:11,430
this blue is as 19.1 I can't remember

1133
00:48:15,620 --> 00:48:13,110
all of them all right but you can see

1134
00:48:18,320 --> 00:48:15,630
the structure and you can also see the

1135
00:48:20,300 --> 00:48:18,330
magnetic storms that are going on with

1136
00:48:21,290 --> 00:48:20,310
those sunspots those sunspots with

1137
00:48:24,050 --> 00:48:21,300
visible light they just look like

1138
00:48:26,210 --> 00:48:24,060
freckles on the Sun here you can see the

1139
00:48:28,880 --> 00:48:26,220
energy that is in the magnetic

1140
00:48:30,620 --> 00:48:28,890
concentration around those sunspots the

1141
00:48:32,210 --> 00:48:30,630
energy that is that

1142
00:48:35,089 --> 00:48:32,220
is working through here and if you ever

1143
00:48:37,339 --> 00:48:35,099
see anything with you know with magnetic

1144
00:48:39,049 --> 00:48:37,349
storms on the Sun and there's exciting

1145
00:48:41,630 --> 00:48:39,059
images well you're looking in the

1146
00:48:43,549 --> 00:48:41,640
ultraviolet matter-of-fact ultraviolets

1147
00:48:45,980 --> 00:48:43,559
because of the ultraviolet images gotten

1148
00:48:47,870 --> 00:48:45,990
so popular you'll see a lot in textbooks

1149
00:48:49,640 --> 00:48:47,880
that says that the art director will say

1150
00:48:51,650 --> 00:48:49,650
oh I want to use that image all right

1151
00:48:53,089 --> 00:48:51,660
because it's the ultraviolet of course

1152
00:48:55,009 --> 00:48:53,099
you know have to make sure people mark

1153
00:48:57,410 --> 00:48:55,019
it as ultraviolet so that you know if

1154
00:48:58,999 --> 00:48:57,420
you see the Sun looking exciting you're

1155
00:49:01,700 --> 00:48:59,009
probably looking at an ultraviolet image

1156
00:49:03,289 --> 00:49:01,710
of the Sun another thing that we've can

1157
00:49:05,799 --> 00:49:03,299
see in ultraviolet that we can't see in

1158
00:49:08,690 --> 00:49:05,809
visible light is the Aurora on Saturn

1159
00:49:10,609 --> 00:49:08,700
now this is a composite image okay these

1160
00:49:13,370 --> 00:49:10,619
are three images of Saturn composited

1161
00:49:16,220 --> 00:49:13,380
together their visible light images of

1162
00:49:18,529 --> 00:49:16,230
Saturn added on to it is ultraviolet

1163
00:49:22,220 --> 00:49:18,539
images that show off the Aurora of

1164
00:49:24,230 --> 00:49:22,230
Saturn now our Aurora on earth we can

1165
00:49:28,039 --> 00:49:24,240
see what have you how many people here

1166
00:49:29,829 --> 00:49:28,049
have seen the Aurora okay I highly

1167
00:49:31,490 --> 00:49:29,839
recommend it if you can get North

1168
00:49:34,220 --> 00:49:31,500
sometimes you don't have to go too far

1169
00:49:35,960 --> 00:49:34,230
north to make an effort to see it

1170
00:49:40,900 --> 00:49:35,970
because it's really great to stash or to

1171
00:49:43,670 --> 00:49:40,910
see the shimmering misguide I was on a

1172
00:49:44,749 --> 00:49:43,680
cruise back from Alaska and we're

1173
00:49:47,420 --> 00:49:44,759
standing on the back of the boat just

1174
00:49:49,609 --> 00:49:47,430
watching the Aurora dance in the sky it

1175
00:49:52,490 --> 00:49:49,619
was really great so I highly recommend

1176
00:49:53,990 --> 00:49:52,500
taking the effort okay alright take the

1177
00:49:55,609 --> 00:49:54,000
effort to go out and see see these

1178
00:49:56,960 --> 00:49:55,619
things because you know you live in

1179
00:49:58,910 --> 00:49:56,970
cities with lights and all that stuff

1180
00:50:01,279 --> 00:49:58,920
you don't get to really experience the

1181
00:50:03,499 --> 00:50:01,289
sky make the effort to see it so see the

1182
00:50:06,349 --> 00:50:03,509
aurora on earth but i can't tell you to

1183
00:50:09,009 --> 00:50:06,359
go do that on Saturn because on Saturn

1184
00:50:11,809 --> 00:50:09,019
it's not visible light Aurora its

1185
00:50:13,999 --> 00:50:11,819
ultraviolet Aurora you cannot see that

1186
00:50:15,980 --> 00:50:14,009
of that Aurora on Saturn unless you have

1187
00:50:18,829 --> 00:50:15,990
an ultraviolet detector which is why

1188
00:50:20,539 --> 00:50:18,839
these are Hubble images from from Hubble

1189
00:50:22,549 --> 00:50:20,549
up in space to be able to do the

1190
00:50:25,999 --> 00:50:22,559
ultraviolet astronomy to see the Aurora

1191
00:50:27,920 --> 00:50:26,009
on Saturn we can also look at galaxies

1192
00:50:30,349 --> 00:50:27,930
in the ultraviolet again we're getting

1193
00:50:32,599 --> 00:50:30,359
to higher energy here so instead of

1194
00:50:34,279 --> 00:50:32,609
looking at that low dense that that cold

1195
00:50:36,319 --> 00:50:34,289
gas will be getting at the higher energy

1196
00:50:39,339 --> 00:50:36,329
the hotter stuff and so this is the

1197
00:50:42,650 --> 00:50:39,349
visible light image of a galaxy called

1198
00:50:43,880 --> 00:50:42,660
m74 and in ultraviolet

1199
00:50:46,250 --> 00:50:43,890
you only see

1200
00:50:49,370 --> 00:50:46,260
the star forming regions okay you see

1201
00:50:51,740 --> 00:50:49,380
the high-energy regions because it is as

1202
00:50:53,750 --> 00:50:51,750
I talked about those hotter stars that

1203
00:50:55,910 --> 00:50:53,760
actually emit in the ultraviolet and

1204
00:50:58,940 --> 00:50:55,920
those hot stars are the more massive

1205
00:51:01,430 --> 00:50:58,950
stars those very massive stars only live

1206
00:51:03,890 --> 00:51:01,440
short lives so they don't get outside of

1207
00:51:06,440 --> 00:51:03,900
their star forming regions so studying

1208
00:51:09,410 --> 00:51:06,450
star forming regions in galaxies you can

1209
00:51:12,170 --> 00:51:09,420
find them very easily just by looking in

1210
00:51:14,930 --> 00:51:12,180
the ultraviolet moving up an energy

1211
00:51:18,319 --> 00:51:14,940
scale we go to x-rays which from roughly

1212
00:51:20,539 --> 00:51:18,329
10 nanometers down to 1/100 of a

1213
00:51:23,690 --> 00:51:20,549
nanometer again about a factor of a

1214
00:51:27,289 --> 00:51:23,700
thousand in wavelength region and for

1215
00:51:30,319 --> 00:51:27,299
our purposes we think of x-rays as being

1216
00:51:32,120 --> 00:51:30,329
these medical observations and as you

1217
00:51:35,089 --> 00:51:32,130
can see that there is a fracture here in

1218
00:51:38,690 --> 00:51:35,099
one of these bones now are these bones

1219
00:51:41,569 --> 00:51:38,700
emitting x-rays no the bones are not

1220
00:51:44,769 --> 00:51:41,579
emitting x-rays rather the x-rays are

1221
00:51:47,480 --> 00:51:44,779
created by a machine that pass through

1222
00:51:50,089 --> 00:51:47,490
the skin and the bones right

1223
00:51:51,859 --> 00:51:50,099
the ara the x-rays are actually absorbed

1224
00:51:53,390 --> 00:51:51,869
by the bones and what you are seeing

1225
00:51:56,870 --> 00:51:53,400
you're seeing the bones in shadow

1226
00:51:58,279 --> 00:51:56,880
because the bones actually are absorbing

1227
00:52:00,380 --> 00:51:58,289
the x-rays whereas the skin and

1228
00:52:03,529 --> 00:52:00,390
soft-tissue let the x-rays pass through

1229
00:52:05,900 --> 00:52:03,539
right so what you are seeing here is not

1230
00:52:09,650 --> 00:52:05,910
an emission of x-rays but rather an

1231
00:52:12,529 --> 00:52:09,660
absorption of x-rays so knowing that can

1232
00:52:15,040 --> 00:52:12,539
anybody explain to me how Superman has

1233
00:52:19,490 --> 00:52:15,050
x-ray vision

1234
00:52:21,560 --> 00:52:19,500
because ya are his eyes x-ray detectors

1235
00:52:23,330 --> 00:52:21,570
or are the x-ray emitters and if their

1236
00:52:24,980 --> 00:52:23,340
x-ray emitters are the x-rays sort of

1237
00:52:27,320 --> 00:52:24,990
somehow coming back to and so that it

1238
00:52:31,280 --> 00:52:27,330
can inject them it's never made any

1239
00:52:34,220 --> 00:52:31,290
sense whatsoever okay but astronomers

1240
00:52:36,890 --> 00:52:34,230
truly do have x-ray vision all right and

1241
00:52:40,940 --> 00:52:36,900
our favorite x-ray vision satellite is

1242
00:52:43,310 --> 00:52:40,950
the Chandra x-ray Observatory and x-ray

1243
00:52:45,170 --> 00:52:43,320
observatories on is really cool looping

1244
00:52:47,330 --> 00:52:45,180
orbit around Earth it's got this big

1245
00:52:50,570 --> 00:52:47,340
long elliptical orbit alright and

1246
00:52:52,250 --> 00:52:50,580
observing x-rays is not like observing

1247
00:52:55,070 --> 00:52:52,260
with visible light because we usually

1248
00:52:56,510 --> 00:52:55,080
bounce light off a mirror right well you

1249
00:52:58,490 --> 00:52:56,520
take x-rays you it's going to go

1250
00:53:01,520 --> 00:52:58,500
straight through the mirror okay so you

1251
00:53:03,950 --> 00:53:01,530
can't use a standard mirror to observe

1252
00:53:06,350 --> 00:53:03,960
an x-rays but you do use mirrors and

1253
00:53:09,500 --> 00:53:06,360
instead what you use are what we call

1254
00:53:11,960 --> 00:53:09,510
grazing incidence mirrors okay so the

1255
00:53:14,540 --> 00:53:11,970
light comes in and it just deflects a

1256
00:53:17,150 --> 00:53:14,550
little bit off of these mirrors okay so

1257
00:53:20,570 --> 00:53:17,160
you can see this is a concentric cone of

1258
00:53:25,700 --> 00:53:20,580
mirrors that are graduated down to focus

1259
00:53:27,290 --> 00:53:25,710
the x-rays on to the detector all right

1260
00:53:28,340 --> 00:53:27,300
so instead of bouncing things off

1261
00:53:30,050 --> 00:53:28,350
mirrors you're just trying to give them

1262
00:53:31,070 --> 00:53:30,060
just all tiny little deflection you're

1263
00:53:33,050 --> 00:53:31,080
giving them a nudge

1264
00:53:36,470 --> 00:53:33,060
all right to try and eventually focus

1265
00:53:38,120 --> 00:53:36,480
them to focus focus x-rays so I thought

1266
00:53:40,930 --> 00:53:38,130
that was a kind of a kind of cool thing

1267
00:53:46,160 --> 00:53:40,940
so they have these basically these big

1268
00:53:49,250 --> 00:53:46,170
concentric cones of mirrors that that

1269
00:53:52,280 --> 00:53:49,260
allow us to observe in x-rays and we can

1270
00:53:54,380 --> 00:53:52,290
look in x-rays at things like this oh we

1271
00:53:56,720 --> 00:53:54,390
can look at the Sun okay like we

1272
00:53:58,670 --> 00:53:56,730
observed ultraviolet which is where most

1273
00:54:00,650 --> 00:53:58,680
of the activity is there's still some

1274
00:54:04,100 --> 00:54:00,660
even higher energy activity on the Sun

1275
00:54:06,320 --> 00:54:04,110
that shows up in x-rays and this is from

1276
00:54:08,420 --> 00:54:06,330
the Yoko satellite which observed for

1277
00:54:11,630 --> 00:54:08,430
several years and the Yoko satellite

1278
00:54:14,180 --> 00:54:11,640
also observe prefer over the course of a

1279
00:54:16,130 --> 00:54:14,190
solar cycle and so here you can see the

1280
00:54:19,370 --> 00:54:16,140
high energy activity during a solar

1281
00:54:21,710 --> 00:54:19,380
maximum and then the low energy during a

1282
00:54:24,770 --> 00:54:21,720
solar minimum our Sun goes through these

1283
00:54:26,300 --> 00:54:24,780
cycles of activity right and on when we

1284
00:54:27,940 --> 00:54:26,310
look at visible light we just see more

1285
00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:27,950
sunspots or fewer Sun

1286
00:54:33,640 --> 00:54:30,410
spots okay lots of sunspots and almost

1287
00:54:35,770 --> 00:54:33,650
no sunspots right here it's much more

1288
00:54:38,589 --> 00:54:35,780
apparent you can see that's a seething

1289
00:54:40,060 --> 00:54:38,599
cauldron of activity and this is kind of

1290
00:54:42,430 --> 00:54:40,070
boring okay let's go check back next

1291
00:54:45,940 --> 00:54:42,440
week all right so this was a really nice

1292
00:54:48,130 --> 00:54:45,950
in the 1990s to see the vivid

1293
00:54:51,280 --> 00:54:48,140
illustration of the solar cycle observed

1294
00:54:54,310 --> 00:54:51,290
in x-rays we can also go back to that

1295
00:54:57,069 --> 00:54:54,320
supernova remnant Cassiopeia A which I

1296
00:54:58,780 --> 00:54:57,079
showed you in radio but this time let's

1297
00:55:01,180 --> 00:54:58,790
take that visible light which is just

1298
00:55:04,150 --> 00:55:01,190
the shell at the edge and let's take a

1299
00:55:07,359 --> 00:55:04,160
look in x-rays and in x-rays you see all

1300
00:55:09,940 --> 00:55:07,369
the heated gas interior to it because

1301
00:55:12,339 --> 00:55:09,950
this is a star that has exploded its

1302
00:55:14,530 --> 00:55:12,349
guts across space it stuff has been

1303
00:55:16,839 --> 00:55:14,540
moving at tens of millions of miles an

1304
00:55:19,960 --> 00:55:16,849
hour across space it's heated up to

1305
00:55:24,609 --> 00:55:19,970
millions of degrees and in millions of

1306
00:55:27,160 --> 00:55:24,619
degrees you emit x-rays okay so this is

1307
00:55:29,589 --> 00:55:27,170
the gas that's interior this shows you

1308
00:55:31,569 --> 00:55:29,599
just the edge of the bubble this shows

1309
00:55:34,180 --> 00:55:31,579
you the gas and the interior bubble

1310
00:55:37,059 --> 00:55:34,190
emitting x-rays so supernova remnants

1311
00:55:40,089 --> 00:55:37,069
are much more interesting to view in

1312
00:55:43,870 --> 00:55:40,099
x-ray light another thing that shows up

1313
00:55:46,059 --> 00:55:43,880
in x-ray light is the gas in clusters of

1314
00:55:48,040 --> 00:55:46,069
galaxies all right so this is going to

1315
00:55:51,280 --> 00:55:48,050
take a little bit of comprehension here

1316
00:55:53,770 --> 00:55:51,290
so we look at this image of a galaxy

1317
00:55:55,359 --> 00:55:53,780
cluster I forget which one this one is I

1318
00:55:57,160 --> 00:55:55,369
think this is one of the max clusters

1319
00:55:59,920 --> 00:55:57,170
all right and you can see all these

1320
00:56:02,349 --> 00:55:59,930
galaxies here and if you look at those

1321
00:56:04,059 --> 00:56:02,359
galaxies all right and you say okay well

1322
00:56:06,099 --> 00:56:04,069
each galaxy has a certain amount of mass

1323
00:56:08,589 --> 00:56:06,109
associated with it and you can come up

1324
00:56:12,460 --> 00:56:08,599
with a mass map okay and so we're gonna

1325
00:56:15,640 --> 00:56:12,470
color the mass in blue so based upon all

1326
00:56:17,319 --> 00:56:15,650
the galaxies out there okay that you can

1327
00:56:20,380 --> 00:56:17,329
see and identify as part of this cluster

1328
00:56:23,020 --> 00:56:20,390
here is a rough bass map of that cluster

1329
00:56:25,780 --> 00:56:23,030
based upon the light all right we can

1330
00:56:28,690 --> 00:56:25,790
also look at this cluster in x-rays and

1331
00:56:30,790 --> 00:56:28,700
when you form a cluster of galaxies you

1332
00:56:32,920 --> 00:56:30,800
bring in not just the visible light of

1333
00:56:35,770 --> 00:56:32,930
the galaxies but all the associated gas

1334
00:56:37,720 --> 00:56:35,780
associated with it and you bring galaxy

1335
00:56:40,150 --> 00:56:37,730
after galaxy swooshing together to make

1336
00:56:41,210 --> 00:56:40,160
this really big cluster that intra

1337
00:56:44,030 --> 00:56:41,220
cluster gas

1338
00:56:45,830 --> 00:56:44,040
heats up it heats up to hundreds of

1339
00:56:48,830 --> 00:56:45,840
thousands and millions of degrees and

1340
00:56:50,330 --> 00:56:48,840
actually glows in x-rays so when you

1341
00:56:54,050 --> 00:56:50,340
look at a cluster of galaxies like this

1342
00:56:56,380 --> 00:56:54,060
and you look in x-rays you see a what we

1343
00:56:59,300 --> 00:56:56,390
call and what we call here a red blob

1344
00:57:02,420 --> 00:56:59,310
alright that is the gas between the

1345
00:57:04,070 --> 00:57:02,430
galaxies very low-density gas that has

1346
00:57:06,109 --> 00:57:04,080
been heated up to hundreds of thousands

1347
00:57:08,240 --> 00:57:06,119
and millions of degrees and glows in

1348
00:57:10,520 --> 00:57:08,250
x-rays which gives you another measure

1349
00:57:13,040 --> 00:57:10,530
of the structure of the material in the

1350
00:57:15,080 --> 00:57:13,050
galaxies and the extent of this cluster

1351
00:57:19,040 --> 00:57:15,090
of galaxies so if we put them all

1352
00:57:21,470 --> 00:57:19,050
together we've got the galaxy image and

1353
00:57:23,660 --> 00:57:21,480
the yellowish stuff we got the blue for

1354
00:57:27,589 --> 00:57:23,670
the mass and we've got the red for the

1355
00:57:29,720 --> 00:57:27,599
x-ray gas all right and shows us that by

1356
00:57:33,170 --> 00:57:29,730
looking in x-rays we can discover the

1357
00:57:35,240 --> 00:57:33,180
true extent of a cluster of galaxies of

1358
00:57:37,130 --> 00:57:35,250
all the stuff can cluster of galaxies it

1359
00:57:39,080 --> 00:57:37,140
actually gives us another check on how

1360
00:57:41,240 --> 00:57:39,090
we can compare the mass that is in

1361
00:57:43,400 --> 00:57:41,250
visible light to the total mass that's

1362
00:57:47,359 --> 00:57:43,410
in the entire cluster measured by the

1363
00:57:48,980 --> 00:57:47,369
x-ray gas all right last wavelength

1364
00:57:51,380 --> 00:57:48,990
region the gamma rays

1365
00:57:54,290 --> 00:57:51,390
all right wavelengths less than 100 one

1366
00:57:57,800 --> 00:57:54,300
hundredth of a nanometer and we don't

1367
00:58:00,800 --> 00:57:57,810
have a lot o everyday experience with

1368
00:58:02,390 --> 00:58:00,810
gamma rays but to do get them a little

1369
00:58:03,320 --> 00:58:02,400
bit gamma rays can be produced by

1370
00:58:07,760 --> 00:58:03,330
lightning strikes

1371
00:58:09,230 --> 00:58:07,770
just a little bit of gamma rays of

1372
00:58:11,359 --> 00:58:09,240
course where do we normally think of

1373
00:58:13,820 --> 00:58:11,369
gamma rays besides the Incredible Hulk

1374
00:58:16,010 --> 00:58:13,830
and you know mutants like that ok we

1375
00:58:21,470 --> 00:58:16,020
think of it with nuclear explosions ok

1376
00:58:26,180 --> 00:58:21,480
in only in the highest energy events do

1377
00:58:27,560 --> 00:58:26,190
we get gamma rays and so where would you

1378
00:58:29,150 --> 00:58:27,570
get them in the universe how would you

1379
00:58:30,740 --> 00:58:29,160
look for them in the universe ok

1380
00:58:33,440 --> 00:58:30,750
well of course you have to go up into

1381
00:58:36,050 --> 00:58:33,450
into space and the current gamma ray

1382
00:58:37,970 --> 00:58:36,060
Observatory is called Famy it used to be

1383
00:58:40,130 --> 00:58:37,980
called classed gamma ray large area

1384
00:58:42,620 --> 00:58:40,140
space telescope and now it's the Fermi

1385
00:58:45,740 --> 00:58:42,630
gamma-ray Space Telescope and here is a

1386
00:58:48,859 --> 00:58:45,750
drawing of it and in this cube are lots

1387
00:58:51,050 --> 00:58:48,869
of detectors for measuring the gamma ray

1388
00:58:52,730 --> 00:58:51,060
radiation okay and in particular when

1389
00:58:54,270 --> 00:58:52,740
you get up to these high energies you're

1390
00:58:56,070 --> 00:58:54,280
not measuring particularly the

1391
00:58:57,900 --> 00:58:56,080
raise themselves you're measuring the

1392
00:59:00,570 --> 00:58:57,910
gamma rays are absorbed and they create

1393
00:59:02,850 --> 00:59:00,580
follow on radiation showers of radiation

1394
00:59:04,560 --> 00:59:02,860
as they're absorbed and you're actually

1395
00:59:06,630 --> 00:59:04,570
detecting some of that showers or

1396
00:59:08,130 --> 00:59:06,640
radiation not necessarily the gamma rays

1397
00:59:10,050 --> 00:59:08,140
themselves but you know you can

1398
00:59:13,500 --> 00:59:10,060
calibrate it really really well to see

1399
00:59:17,360 --> 00:59:13,510
it so here is some of the results from

1400
00:59:22,860 --> 00:59:17,370
Fermi this is an all-sky image from fami

1401
00:59:26,970 --> 00:59:22,870
alright before and after and after when

1402
00:59:28,500 --> 00:59:26,980
we see this giant Squatch okay this is a

1403
00:59:33,630 --> 00:59:28,510
gamma-ray burst

1404
00:59:36,800 --> 00:59:33,640
okay it is a single point of gamma rays

1405
00:59:40,280 --> 00:59:36,810
emitted from somewhere in the universe

1406
00:59:41,640 --> 00:59:40,290
secret astronomers didn't discover these

1407
00:59:44,700 --> 00:59:41,650
all right

1408
00:59:47,850 --> 00:59:44,710
because gamma rays come from nuclear

1409
00:59:51,180 --> 00:59:47,860
test explosions all right the Department

1410
00:59:53,610 --> 00:59:51,190
of Defense put up gamma-ray satellites

1411
00:59:55,260 --> 00:59:53,620
Cameron area detectors to monitor

1412
00:59:57,270 --> 00:59:55,270
whether or not there were nuclear

1413
01:00:02,040 --> 00:59:57,280
explosions going around around the world

1414
01:00:04,500 --> 01:00:02,050
and they saw bursts and they saw another

1415
01:00:09,480 --> 01:00:04,510
burst and they saw approximately one

1416
01:00:11,340 --> 01:00:09,490
burst every single day how many nuclear

1417
01:00:14,760 --> 01:00:11,350
bombs were there the world to get an

1418
01:00:16,140 --> 01:00:14,770
explosion every single day well they

1419
01:00:17,430 --> 01:00:16,150
quickly determined that no they weren't

1420
01:00:19,740 --> 01:00:17,440
coming from Earth they're actually

1421
01:00:20,910 --> 01:00:19,750
coming from space and of course this was

1422
01:00:22,650 --> 01:00:20,920
classified so they didn't bother telling

1423
01:00:24,960 --> 01:00:22,660
astronomers but we put up our own

1424
01:00:26,730 --> 01:00:24,970
satellites and found it ourselves so

1425
01:00:28,620 --> 01:00:26,740
we've got these gamma-ray bursts

1426
01:00:31,230 --> 01:00:28,630
coming from somewhere these are huge

1427
01:00:32,820 --> 01:00:31,240
incredible energetic events all right

1428
01:00:35,850 --> 01:00:32,830
and there's not just one of them okay

1429
01:00:37,710 --> 01:00:35,860
there are lots of them here are two

1430
01:00:39,960 --> 01:00:37,720
thousand observed by the Compton

1431
01:00:42,630 --> 01:00:39,970
gamma-ray Observatory with the Batsy

1432
01:00:46,380 --> 01:00:42,640
experiment all right two thousand of

1433
01:00:48,120 --> 01:00:46,390
these all across the sky and remember

1434
01:00:51,030 --> 01:00:48,130
when we're looking at this projection of

1435
01:00:53,520 --> 01:00:51,040
the sky the galaxy is right across the

1436
01:00:57,000 --> 01:00:53,530
center so you can see these gamma-ray

1437
01:00:59,670 --> 01:00:57,010
bursts are not associated with our

1438
01:01:02,190 --> 01:00:59,680
galaxy they're either really close to us

1439
01:01:04,470 --> 01:01:02,200
in space all right around us within our

1440
01:01:06,870 --> 01:01:04,480
small portion of the galaxy therefore

1441
01:01:07,180 --> 01:01:06,880
they can appear isotropic or they're

1442
01:01:09,910 --> 01:01:07,190
much

1443
01:01:11,350 --> 01:01:09,920
further beyond our galaxy and it's a

1444
01:01:14,140 --> 01:01:11,360
further beyond our galaxy they have to

1445
01:01:16,300 --> 01:01:14,150
be incredible energies okay because the

1446
01:01:17,800 --> 01:01:16,310
further away they are the more energetic

1447
01:01:20,350 --> 01:01:17,810
they have to be in order for us to see

1448
01:01:23,530 --> 01:01:20,360
them in gamma raised here well it turns

1449
01:01:26,350 --> 01:01:23,540
out they are actually at cosmological

1450
01:01:29,320 --> 01:01:26,360
distances all right here is a picture of

1451
01:01:31,990 --> 01:01:29,330
a gamma-ray burst and visible light can

1452
01:01:35,560 --> 01:01:32,000
you see it yeah I wouldn't know unless I

1453
01:01:38,110 --> 01:01:35,570
put this arrow in okay this is an object

1454
01:01:40,900 --> 01:01:38,120
that produced a gamma-ray burst so after

1455
01:01:43,510 --> 01:01:40,910
seeing a gamma-ray burst in in gamma

1456
01:01:45,550 --> 01:01:43,520
rays they they put out the coordinates

1457
01:01:47,800 --> 01:01:45,560
and we take you take images to try and

1458
01:01:50,200 --> 01:01:47,810
see what you can find Hubble has looked

1459
01:01:52,180 --> 01:01:50,210
to see what it can find at the positions

1460
01:01:56,790 --> 01:01:52,190
of these gamma-ray bursts and what does

1461
01:02:00,610 --> 01:01:56,800
it find it finds very distant galaxies

1462
01:02:03,340 --> 01:02:00,620
these gamma-ray bursts are incredibly

1463
01:02:05,110 --> 01:02:03,350
energetic events coming to us from

1464
01:02:06,790 --> 01:02:05,120
cosmological distances we're talking

1465
01:02:09,090 --> 01:02:06,800
billions of light years hundreds of

1466
01:02:12,940 --> 01:02:09,100
millions to billions of light-years away

1467
01:02:14,830 --> 01:02:12,950
okay all right what we surmise them to

1468
01:02:18,550 --> 01:02:14,840
be or something called not just a

1469
01:02:24,250 --> 01:02:18,560
supernova not a nova not a supernova but

1470
01:02:27,160 --> 01:02:24,260
a hyper nova okay which would be an

1471
01:02:28,540 --> 01:02:27,170
incredible burst burst of energy such

1472
01:02:31,450 --> 01:02:28,550
that we can observe gamma rays from

1473
01:02:33,670 --> 01:02:31,460
billions of light-years away across in

1474
01:02:35,470 --> 01:02:33,680
this and that's why they are produced

1475
01:02:37,870 --> 01:02:35,480
all the way across the sky so it's an

1476
01:02:40,150 --> 01:02:37,880
amazing and astounding idea that we can

1477
01:02:42,100 --> 01:02:40,160
see these gamma rays from across the

1478
01:02:44,290 --> 01:02:42,110
universe from these absolutely

1479
01:02:45,790 --> 01:02:44,300
incredible explosions and of course

1480
01:02:50,050 --> 01:02:45,800
that's not the only thing we see in

1481
01:02:53,860 --> 01:02:50,060
gamma rays here is an all-sky map above

1482
01:02:55,540 --> 01:02:53,870
a hundred million electron volts which

1483
01:02:58,540 --> 01:02:55,550
is a really high energy let me just say

1484
01:03:00,400 --> 01:02:58,550
that and what we see a lot in that you

1485
01:03:03,520 --> 01:03:00,410
here you can see the structure of our

1486
01:03:05,670 --> 01:03:03,530
galaxy because we start seeing the x-ray

1487
01:03:08,290 --> 01:03:05,680
binaries we start seeing pulsars

1488
01:03:10,030 --> 01:03:08,300
basically black holes all of those

1489
01:03:12,310 --> 01:03:10,040
things that can produce really high

1490
01:03:14,620 --> 01:03:12,320
energies are the only things that are

1491
01:03:16,660 --> 01:03:14,630
going to be able to produce these these

1492
01:03:18,980 --> 01:03:16,670
gamma rays that we see with gamma-ray

1493
01:03:20,300 --> 01:03:18,990
telescopes all right

1494
01:03:22,850 --> 01:03:20,310
we've covered the electromagnetic

1495
01:03:25,070 --> 01:03:22,860
spectrum alright we've gone across all

1496
01:03:27,560 --> 01:03:25,080
these wavelengths let's summarize in

1497
01:03:29,180 --> 01:03:27,570
terms of what do we get out of it ok

1498
01:03:32,420 --> 01:03:29,190
you've seen that we see lots of things

1499
01:03:35,090 --> 01:03:32,430
in lots of different different ideas of

1500
01:03:37,340 --> 01:03:35,100
light we have three Great observatories

1501
01:03:39,080 --> 01:03:37,350
currently operating the Compton gamma

1502
01:03:41,120 --> 01:03:39,090
ray Observatory isn't operating anymore

1503
01:03:43,910 --> 01:03:41,130
Hubble which is mostly visible Spitzer's

1504
01:03:46,520 --> 01:03:43,920
infrared Chandra x-ray we've done a

1505
01:03:49,240 --> 01:03:46,530
variety of presentations where we take

1506
01:03:52,220 --> 01:03:49,250
the state observations with the with the

1507
01:03:55,640 --> 01:03:52,230
with these telescopes of the same object

1508
01:03:58,190 --> 01:03:55,650
I like to show this one here which is a

1509
01:04:01,160 --> 01:03:58,200
supernova remnant supernovae 1604 also

1510
01:04:03,560 --> 01:04:01,170
called Kepler supernova because here is

1511
01:04:05,570 --> 01:04:03,570
where Hubble has the wimpiest of all the

1512
01:04:08,360 --> 01:04:05,580
images we're so used to elbow having the

1513
01:04:10,010 --> 01:04:08,370
most beautiful images well when it comes

1514
01:04:12,770 --> 01:04:10,020
to supernova remnants at least this one

1515
01:04:15,020 --> 01:04:12,780
here even Spitzer in the infrared has

1516
01:04:17,720 --> 01:04:15,030
more detail and more in traditional

1517
01:04:20,300 --> 01:04:17,730
interest and Chandra of course getting

1518
01:04:22,760 --> 01:04:20,310
that hot x-ray gas inside the supernova

1519
01:04:25,160 --> 01:04:22,770
in it has the most interesting ok so

1520
01:04:27,140 --> 01:04:25,170
Hubble doesn't always have the most

1521
01:04:29,930 --> 01:04:27,150
beautiful image but even when Hubble

1522
01:04:31,940 --> 01:04:29,940
does have a beautiful image such as for

1523
01:04:33,740 --> 01:04:31,950
the crab supernova remnant all right

1524
01:04:37,100 --> 01:04:33,750
then when we look in other wavelengths

1525
01:04:40,130 --> 01:04:37,110
we get a lot more information ok in

1526
01:04:42,260 --> 01:04:40,140
terms of the from the radio the various

1527
01:04:44,000 --> 01:04:42,270
infrared bands from Spitzer we've got

1528
01:04:46,190 --> 01:04:44,010
the visible light here we've got the

1529
01:04:48,440 --> 01:04:46,200
ultraviolet in here and down in the

1530
01:04:50,270 --> 01:04:48,450
x-ray we can actually see the disk of

1531
01:04:53,330 --> 01:04:50,280
material around the pulsar at the core

1532
01:04:55,610 --> 01:04:53,340
of the Crab Nebula all right this is

1533
01:04:57,470 --> 01:04:55,620
what astronomy is progressive - it's

1534
01:04:59,690 --> 01:04:57,480
being able to look in these various

1535
01:05:02,450 --> 01:04:59,700
wavelengths of light and get different

1536
01:05:04,460 --> 01:05:02,460
aspects of the same objects in these

1537
01:05:06,590 --> 01:05:04,470
different wavelength regions and I'm

1538
01:05:07,850 --> 01:05:06,600
gonna finish with my favorite object to

1539
01:05:09,860 --> 01:05:07,860
do for this which is of course the

1540
01:05:10,850 --> 01:05:09,870
Whirlpool Galaxy I've shown you the

1541
01:05:13,340 --> 01:05:10,860
Hubble invisible

1542
01:05:16,880 --> 01:05:13,350
the Spitzer infrared here is the

1543
01:05:18,620 --> 01:05:16,890
ultraviolet image I believe that sale

1544
01:05:20,930 --> 01:05:18,630
for violet image from galaxy and here's

1545
01:05:23,590 --> 01:05:20,940
the x-ray image from Chandra we're able

1546
01:05:26,210 --> 01:05:23,600
to see different structures

1547
01:05:27,800 --> 01:05:26,220
understanding it together and so this is

1548
01:05:30,309 --> 01:05:27,810
a poster that we produced in the office

1549
01:05:32,799 --> 01:05:30,319
of public outreach where we work

1550
01:05:36,459 --> 01:05:32,809
through it to try and help express the

1551
01:05:38,079 --> 01:05:36,469
idea that over the last century we have

1552
01:05:39,819 --> 01:05:38,089
gone from just visible light

1553
01:05:42,339 --> 01:05:39,829
observations with the normal telescopes

1554
01:05:44,499 --> 01:05:42,349
that you think about adding in radio and

1555
01:05:46,539 --> 01:05:44,509
infrared and ultraviolet and cross the

1556
01:05:50,499 --> 01:05:46,549
entire electromagnetic spectrum

1557
01:05:53,439 --> 01:05:50,509
so astronomy has grown up to explore the

1558
01:05:55,630 --> 01:05:53,449
entire spectrum and there truly is more

1559
01:06:09,460 --> 01:05:55,640
to the universe than meets the eye

1560
01:06:16,340 --> 01:06:12,800
so I filled with all sorts of things all

1561
01:06:19,070 --> 01:06:16,350
around happiness on happy Russian music

1562
01:06:22,160 --> 01:06:19,080
yes nice never thought this question

1563
01:06:25,430 --> 01:06:22,170
until I see this presentation for the

1564
01:06:28,000 --> 01:06:25,440
visible spectrum it's pretty obvious but

1565
01:06:30,680 --> 01:06:28,010
for all these other named spectrums are

1566
01:06:34,100 --> 01:06:30,690
there scientific properties that define

1567
01:06:36,800 --> 01:06:34,110
the edges for did Steve discover x-rays

1568
01:06:48,200 --> 01:06:36,810
I'm playing this set of spectrum for

1569
01:06:50,810 --> 01:06:48,210
x-rays and that's it I would say that

1570
01:06:53,780 --> 01:06:50,820
they're more defined by the detectors

1571
01:06:55,730 --> 01:06:53,790
and they would be by the way okay so a

1572
01:06:57,500 --> 01:06:55,740
detector that can detect you know

1573
01:07:00,020 --> 01:06:57,510
wavelengths from here to here well that

1574
01:07:03,470 --> 01:07:00,030
would define a region right so if x-rays

1575
01:07:10,790 --> 01:07:03,480
you you have a detector that can detect

1576
01:07:12,740 --> 01:07:10,800
the x-rays you can see we have

1577
01:07:15,140 --> 01:07:12,750
near-infrared min infrared and far

1578
01:07:16,550 --> 01:07:15,150
infrared we use slightly different type

1579
01:07:18,650 --> 01:07:16,560
of detectors for each one of those

1580
01:07:20,030 --> 01:07:18,660
regions okay we talked about millimeter

1581
01:07:22,310 --> 01:07:20,040
wave and microwave which are really the

1582
01:07:23,810 --> 01:07:22,320
same thing but you know there's

1583
01:07:26,030 --> 01:07:23,820
different ways that that you use to

1584
01:07:28,970 --> 01:07:26,040
detect them okay as you're working

1585
01:07:30,590 --> 01:07:28,980
through them yeah the visible light yet

1586
01:07:33,460 --> 01:07:30,600
it's defined by what the human eye can

1587
01:07:36,410 --> 01:07:33,470
see but the other ones they're more

1588
01:07:38,870 --> 01:07:36,420
analytic a types of the detectors that

1589
01:07:40,460 --> 01:07:38,880
kind of carved that out for that one

1590
01:07:41,120 --> 01:07:40,470
spectrum and then somebody gave it the

1591
01:07:45,680 --> 01:07:41,130
name x-rays

1592
01:07:46,970 --> 01:07:45,690
sure let's go back the names for them I

1593
01:07:50,270 --> 01:07:46,980
really don't know the history about

1594
01:07:52,590 --> 01:07:50,280
Holly got named for that but really you

1595
01:07:54,960 --> 01:07:52,600
know what you're gonna

1596
01:07:56,730 --> 01:07:54,970
that I truly believe it's the detectors

1597
01:08:00,270 --> 01:07:56,740
that sort of carved out the regions for

1598
01:08:02,400 --> 01:08:00,280
that yes you showed a slide of the black

1599
01:08:05,340 --> 01:08:02,410
hole and some radio waves emitting from

1600
01:08:11,220 --> 01:08:05,350
yeah black hole such a strong

1601
01:08:13,590 --> 01:08:11,230
gravitational pull the escapes okay so

1602
01:08:16,200 --> 01:08:13,600
what happening is it's not black holes

1603
01:08:17,940 --> 01:08:16,210
in it it's the material around the

1604
01:08:19,080 --> 01:08:17,950
supermassive black hole that's this

1605
01:08:20,820 --> 01:08:19,090
you've got this disk of material

1606
01:08:21,300 --> 01:08:20,830
spinning around the supermassive black

1607
01:08:22,650 --> 01:08:21,310
holes

1608
01:08:24,420 --> 01:08:22,660
you've got magnetic fields and they're

1609
01:08:26,610 --> 01:08:24,430
being spun up like this and you have

1610
01:08:29,370 --> 01:08:26,620
material being flung off those magnetic

1611
01:08:31,050 --> 01:08:29,380
fields okay so it's not it's not the

1612
01:08:32,880 --> 01:08:31,060
emission isn't coming from a black hole

1613
01:08:43,280 --> 01:08:32,890
itself it's coming from the region

1614
01:08:48,450 --> 01:08:46,230
had a picture up there of collection of

1615
01:08:52,320 --> 01:08:48,460
galaxies and then you did a picture of

1616
01:08:55,320 --> 01:08:52,330
it in x-rays and it was a red block yes

1617
01:08:58,140 --> 01:08:55,330
you use the term hundreds of thousands

1618
01:09:03,720 --> 01:08:58,150
degrees for all this gas yes quite a

1619
01:09:07,170 --> 01:09:03,730
five the gas is at very low density okay

1620
01:09:09,990 --> 01:09:07,180
but the temperature is basically

1621
01:09:12,120 --> 01:09:10,000
measurement of its motion in that okay

1622
01:09:13,800 --> 01:09:12,130
so if we were a hundred thousand degrees

1623
01:09:15,840 --> 01:09:13,810
that the density of earth it would be

1624
01:09:17,610 --> 01:09:15,850
really really hot right but really

1625
01:09:20,880 --> 01:09:17,620
really low density you're just measuring

1626
01:09:23,070 --> 01:09:20,890
what the temperature of a gas is a

1627
01:09:24,990 --> 01:09:23,080
statistical measure of how fast on

1628
01:09:27,270 --> 01:09:25,000
average the molecules are moving so you

1629
01:09:30,180 --> 01:09:27,280
can have now one particle per cubic

1630
01:09:32,610 --> 01:09:30,190
centimeter or one particle per cubic

1631
01:09:34,980 --> 01:09:32,620
mile and they're moving at the same

1632
01:09:37,770 --> 01:09:34,990
speed they have the same temperature but

1633
01:09:39,210 --> 01:09:37,780
the the the way you and I would

1634
01:09:41,450 --> 01:09:39,220
experience temperature would be totally

1635
01:09:46,110 --> 01:09:41,460
different for those okay thank you okay

1636
01:09:48,840 --> 01:09:46,120
yes the gamma bursts from long ago and

1637
01:09:49,269 --> 01:09:48,850
far away if they're obscene a billion

1638
01:09:51,640 --> 01:09:49,279
light years

1639
01:09:55,720 --> 01:09:51,650
away they were happened a billion years

1640
01:10:04,200 --> 01:09:55,730
ago every stop so we ever see the in

1641
01:10:09,430 --> 01:10:07,810
the gamma ray person I know are you know

1642
01:10:11,379 --> 01:10:09,440
hundreds of millions to billions of

1643
01:10:14,819 --> 01:10:11,389
light years away I'm not an expert on

1644
01:10:20,350 --> 01:10:14,829
that but I don't know of any that are

1645
01:10:25,750 --> 01:10:20,360
that nearby okay that were cool yeah I

1646
01:10:30,609 --> 01:10:25,760
would say in infrared with the center

1647
01:10:32,890 --> 01:10:30,619
thing pretty much like red what sound

1648
01:10:37,450 --> 01:10:32,900
like what color is that brighter or

1649
01:10:40,600 --> 01:10:37,460
dimmer okay so in the mixer of view of

1650
01:10:44,470 --> 01:10:40,610
the whole galaxy alright so these blue

1651
01:10:45,250 --> 01:10:44,480
here is actually going to be hotter in

1652
01:10:47,500 --> 01:10:45,260
the infrared

1653
01:10:49,450 --> 01:10:47,510
okay a lot of times what they will do is

1654
01:10:52,000 --> 01:10:49,460
for the infrared which doesn't have any

1655
01:10:54,790 --> 01:10:52,010
colors right so they'll take the lower

1656
01:10:57,339 --> 01:10:54,800
energy and bread and map it to red and

1657
01:11:00,040 --> 01:10:57,349
the higher energy map it to blue so just

1658
01:11:01,689 --> 01:11:00,050
sort of corresponding to and so these

1659
01:11:04,060 --> 01:11:01,699
are actually this is the satellite

1660
01:11:19,859 --> 01:11:04,070
galaxy okay and what you're seeing there

1661
01:11:23,620 --> 01:11:19,869
are the stars from this team okay

1662
01:11:28,419 --> 01:11:23,630
yes right there Oh seems like James Webb

1663
01:11:31,620 --> 01:11:28,429
is infrared Jessica why why is that so

1664
01:11:36,729 --> 01:11:31,630
important now that wavelength okay so

1665
01:11:38,890 --> 01:11:36,739
look at this our main look into see of

1666
01:11:40,569 --> 01:11:38,900
the formation of stars and planets okay

1667
01:11:42,729 --> 01:11:40,579
because you'll be looking through the

1668
01:11:44,799 --> 01:11:42,739
dense gas the public for example can't

1669
01:11:46,990 --> 01:11:44,809
look through the other thing that why

1670
01:11:48,580 --> 01:11:47,000
infrared is really important is to look

1671
01:11:51,850 --> 01:11:48,590
at this very distant regions of the

1672
01:11:53,919 --> 01:11:51,860
universe because as the universe expands

1673
01:11:55,779 --> 01:11:53,929
light waves the traveling across the

1674
01:11:57,910 --> 01:11:55,789
universe gets stretched along with the

1675
01:12:00,129 --> 01:11:57,920
expansion of the universe so light that

1676
01:12:00,850 --> 01:12:00,139
started out in visible light gets

1677
01:12:02,650 --> 01:12:00,860
trapped

1678
01:12:08,560 --> 01:12:02,660
it becomes infrared by the time we

1679
01:12:11,290 --> 01:12:08,570
observe it okay no okay this is the

1680
01:12:12,760 --> 01:12:11,300
expansion of light especially like the

1681
01:12:16,540 --> 01:12:12,770
stretching of light due to the expansion

1682
01:12:19,810 --> 01:12:16,550
of the universe all right and so observe

1683
01:12:22,270 --> 01:12:19,820
the universe in Bermondsey all radiation

1684
01:12:25,420 --> 01:12:22,280
from various universe that light has

1685
01:12:28,780 --> 01:12:25,430
been stretched now to the infrared so we

1686
01:12:31,660 --> 01:12:28,790
have you see there are some things

1687
01:12:33,430 --> 01:12:31,670
Hubble can observe simply because their

1688
01:12:35,560 --> 01:12:33,440
light has been stretched beyond Hubble's

1689
01:12:39,150 --> 01:12:35,570
observing wavelengths that's another

1690
01:12:42,400 --> 01:12:39,160
reason why i jst will be so important

1691
01:12:45,160 --> 01:12:42,410
hey I got a question if you're a way way

1692
01:13:24,390 --> 01:12:45,170
out of space and look back at our galaxy

1693
01:13:32,650 --> 01:13:27,550
which only shines like like have a

1694
01:13:41,530 --> 01:13:32,660
little bit of vision but mostly one see

1695
01:13:44,080 --> 01:13:41,540
that we see the light really far away in

1696
01:13:46,000 --> 01:13:44,090
the cosmological expansion stretches

1697
01:13:48,630 --> 01:13:46,010
that with those wavelengths then they

1698
01:13:52,630 --> 01:13:48,640
would go towards the infrared right okay

1699
01:13:55,240 --> 01:13:52,640
so our our solar system doesn't have a

1700
01:13:56,620 --> 01:13:55,250
lot of dust and gas in it like the HL

1701
01:13:59,200 --> 01:13:56,630
Tauri system that i showed you from that

1702
01:14:01,510 --> 01:13:59,210
ama observation that's a pot system

1703
01:14:02,210 --> 01:14:01,520
still in formation there's still lots of

1704
01:14:04,250 --> 01:14:02,220
dusting

1705
01:14:06,500 --> 01:14:04,260
and colds and stuff floating around in

1706
01:14:10,100 --> 01:14:06,510
that system so you that's why I'm using

1707
01:14:11,990 --> 01:14:10,110
the millimeter already better but since

1708
01:14:14,180 --> 01:14:12,000
ours is a system that's ultimately

1709
01:14:18,110 --> 01:14:14,190
devoid of that stuff you'd want to use

1710
01:14:19,730 --> 01:14:18,120
visible or infrared okay great

1711
01:14:23,060 --> 01:14:19,740
most of what you've been talking about

1712
01:14:24,590 --> 01:14:23,070
our objects are emitting light at these

1713
01:14:26,840 --> 01:14:24,600
various wavelengths man now what about

1714
01:14:29,770 --> 01:14:26,850
observing objects that are reflecting

1715
01:14:35,630 --> 01:14:29,780
light at these various wavelengths and

1716
01:14:40,700 --> 01:14:35,640
does observing at some of these shorter

1717
01:14:47,300 --> 01:14:40,710
wavelengths give you more detail than at

1718
01:14:49,400 --> 01:14:47,310
the longer wavelengths Wow let's see so

1719
01:14:51,530 --> 01:14:49,410
first of all there's only there are only

1720
01:14:54,050 --> 01:14:51,540
a few cases where we observe reflective

1721
01:14:56,450 --> 01:14:54,060
light and get a lot of get a lot of it

1722
01:15:02,060 --> 01:14:56,460
okay I showed you the reflection nebula

1723
01:15:04,490 --> 01:15:02,070
around the Pleiades etc around around

1724
01:15:06,110 --> 01:15:04,500
supermassive black holes where there's a

1725
01:15:08,210 --> 01:15:06,120
light that when there's energy being

1726
01:15:11,000 --> 01:15:08,220
emitted from those that hits a disc of

1727
01:15:12,770 --> 01:15:11,010
material that this ends up reradiating

1728
01:15:16,460 --> 01:15:12,780
that can absorb it and reradiates so

1729
01:15:18,740 --> 01:15:16,470
that can also be reflected in there but

1730
01:15:20,270 --> 01:15:18,750
not a tub not a ton of cases where

1731
01:15:22,970 --> 01:15:20,280
there's a lot of reflected light to it

1732
01:15:25,640 --> 01:15:22,980
to observe do you see my point that it

1733
01:15:28,280 --> 01:15:25,650
with the shorter wavelengths you would

1734
01:15:31,100 --> 01:15:28,290
be able to see more detail than with

1735
01:15:32,870 --> 01:15:31,110
longer wavelengths is that so this is

1736
01:15:34,370 --> 01:15:32,880
not a thing to recognize especially

1737
01:15:36,230 --> 01:15:34,380
mature in terms of the James Webb Space

1738
01:15:38,600 --> 01:15:36,240
Telescope the James Webb Space Telescope

1739
01:15:40,490 --> 01:15:38,610
being six and a half meters Hubble is

1740
01:15:44,240 --> 01:15:40,500
only two Knack meters but the resolution

1741
01:15:45,710 --> 01:15:44,250
is roughly the same because this is jus

1742
01:15:47,210 --> 01:15:45,720
T's that infrared wavelength which the

1743
01:15:49,790 --> 01:15:47,220
longer wavelength so the shorter

1744
01:15:52,160 --> 01:15:49,800
wavelengths do give you higher

1745
01:15:54,200 --> 01:15:52,170
resolution on things like that however

1746
01:15:56,450 --> 01:15:54,210
the fact that we can get a radio

1747
01:15:58,910 --> 01:15:56,460
telescope to stretch across miles and

1748
01:15:59,729 --> 01:15:58,920
miles and miles actually gives radio

1749
01:16:04,859 --> 01:15:59,739
some

1750
01:16:08,310 --> 01:16:04,869
the highest resolution alright versus

1751
01:16:12,180 --> 01:16:08,320
the size right that gives you your

1752
01:16:15,810 --> 01:16:12,190
resolution so if you have you know gamma

1753
01:16:17,549 --> 01:16:15,820
rays are hard to pinpoint etc it goes

1754
01:16:22,140 --> 01:16:17,559
they guess we get scattered if you're

1755
01:16:24,359 --> 01:16:22,150
observing him the the way we detect them

1756
01:16:26,669 --> 01:16:24,369
doesn't doesn't in point them exactly

1757
01:16:28,439 --> 01:16:26,679
right because we see that there's a

1758
01:16:29,850 --> 01:16:28,449
shower coming up coming off of them it

1759
01:16:32,370 --> 01:16:29,860
doesn't give you that that hyperfine

1760
01:16:37,350 --> 01:16:32,380
resolution the way a mirror observation

1761
01:16:39,569 --> 01:16:37,360
would okay so but radios by having these

1762
01:16:41,220 --> 01:16:39,579
very very large arrays alright which

1763
01:16:43,080 --> 01:16:41,230
simulated a telescope having a car

1764
01:16:44,549 --> 01:16:43,090
through that big compared to the

1765
01:16:47,489 --> 01:16:44,559
wavelength can actually give you

1766
01:16:48,839 --> 01:16:47,499
extremely high resolution imagery so

1767
01:16:50,609 --> 01:16:48,849
when we say hull is the highest

1768
01:16:52,379 --> 01:16:50,619
resolution right it's the highest

1769
01:16:53,970 --> 01:16:52,389
resolution visible light telescope out

1770
01:16:57,029 --> 01:16:53,980
there that's not the highest resolution

1771
01:16:58,709 --> 01:16:57,039
telescope at all up there you can see

1772
01:17:02,580 --> 01:16:58,719
that the Alma array has much higher

1773
01:17:05,279 --> 01:17:02,590
resolution do you get more information

1774
01:17:08,129 --> 01:17:05,289
from the VLA with the fact that it's

1775
01:17:33,270 --> 01:17:08,139
moving around as the Earth rotates and

1776
01:17:34,890 --> 01:17:33,280
as the earth moves around the Sun so the

1777
01:17:39,089 --> 01:17:34,900
wavefront can be correlated between the

1778
01:17:43,709 --> 01:17:39,099
tool alright any other questions yes

1779
01:17:48,540 --> 01:17:43,719
down front there good question visible

1780
01:17:51,359 --> 01:17:48,550
life yes is it possible to utilize for a

1781
01:17:52,890 --> 01:17:51,369
very very distant objects across the

1782
01:17:57,569 --> 01:17:52,900
Google as a website for the sake of

1783
01:18:00,359 --> 01:17:57,579
argument different frequencies we use

1784
01:18:02,640 --> 01:18:00,369
some expec spectroscopy is not limited

1785
01:18:05,129 --> 01:18:02,650
to just visible light okay we can take

1786
01:18:06,729 --> 01:18:05,139
infrared spectra we can take ultraviolet

1787
01:18:10,270 --> 01:18:06,739
spectrum

1788
01:18:13,720 --> 01:18:10,280
we're looking for the when we're looking

1789
01:18:16,600 --> 01:18:13,730
at the the atmospheres of extrasolar

1790
01:18:19,990 --> 01:18:16,610
planets right we want to take a spectra

1791
01:18:21,850 --> 01:18:20,000
of in the infrared to try and identify

1792
01:18:23,979 --> 01:18:21,860
the molecules in the atmosphere and

1793
01:18:25,390 --> 01:18:23,989
control a planet so to see the details

1794
01:18:28,300 --> 01:18:25,400
of the juicy details that we want

1795
01:18:30,580 --> 01:18:28,310
they're actually in the infrared okay so

1796
01:18:35,290 --> 01:18:30,590
we can do spectra across across the

1797
01:18:37,660 --> 01:18:35,300
spectrum and their various things a lot

1798
01:18:39,550 --> 01:18:37,670
of them in some of the weight bands it's

1799
01:18:41,830 --> 01:18:39,560
just unity you take a detection here

1800
01:18:44,080 --> 01:18:41,840
adaptation here detection here you sort

1801
01:18:45,459 --> 01:18:44,090
of synthesize a spectrum through it as

1802
01:18:46,800 --> 01:18:45,469
opposed to taking many many many

1803
01:18:51,970 --> 01:18:46,810
wavelengths as we do with visible light

1804
01:18:53,950 --> 01:18:51,980
okay all right we know that visible

1805
01:18:58,120 --> 01:18:53,960
light is affected by gravity

1806
01:19:01,209 --> 01:18:58,130
I assume all energies now would one

1807
01:19:03,700 --> 01:19:01,219
movie star there this one is no

1808
01:19:12,070 --> 01:19:03,710
different from the red light on my life

1809
01:19:14,560 --> 01:19:12,080
though Hey so look the liquid one one

1810
01:19:16,330 --> 01:19:14,570
end of the spectrum be heavier than the

1811
01:19:20,470 --> 01:19:16,340
other in other word he would be more

1812
01:19:21,729 --> 01:19:20,480
bent worthless if it affects the effect

1813
01:19:23,380 --> 01:19:21,739
that you're talking about is dependent

1814
01:19:27,760 --> 01:19:23,390
upon energy yes

1815
01:19:30,130 --> 01:19:27,770
all right so then life high energy

1816
01:19:32,050 --> 01:19:30,140
wavelengths are refracted more than

1817
01:19:34,390 --> 01:19:32,060
lower anyway like when you create a

1818
01:19:37,990 --> 01:19:34,400
spectrum with a prism all right the red

1819
01:19:50,800 --> 01:19:38,000
light is diffracted less than the violet

1820
01:19:53,890 --> 01:19:50,810
light visible light you have the

1821
01:19:56,560 --> 01:19:53,900
gravitational lenses those like the blue

1822
01:19:59,770 --> 01:19:56,570
works you get images like that in the

1823
01:20:00,820 --> 01:19:59,780
other wavelengths so I'm not I said the

1824
01:20:03,070 --> 01:20:00,830
question is doing it gravitational

1825
01:20:05,229 --> 01:20:03,080
lensing in other wavelengths the answer

1826
01:20:06,850 --> 01:20:05,239
would be yes we should theoretically

1827
01:20:10,660 --> 01:20:06,860
there's no reason we shouldn't get

1828
01:20:13,930 --> 01:20:10,670
gravitational I do not know that I've

1829
01:20:14,830 --> 01:20:13,940
seen you sure because you need it we

1830
01:20:20,379 --> 01:20:14,840
need really high

1831
01:20:22,060 --> 01:20:20,389
I mean Hubble's amazing invisible I like

1832
01:20:24,040 --> 01:20:22,070
left okay

1833
01:20:27,430 --> 01:20:24,050
and it's gonna get it's gonna be

1834
01:20:29,879 --> 01:20:27,440
affected by the gravity even if it's a

1835
01:20:31,600 --> 01:20:29,889
different wavelength yes you should get

1836
01:20:33,550 --> 01:20:31,610
gravitational lensing I know we get

1837
01:20:35,410 --> 01:20:33,560
gravitational lensing of infrared okay

1838
01:20:36,760 --> 01:20:35,420
even Hubble's observations the inbred

1839
01:20:39,250 --> 01:20:36,770
sees gravitational lensing in the

1840
01:20:40,990 --> 01:20:39,260
infrared but I can't say I've seen it in

1841
01:20:43,240 --> 01:20:41,000
other wavelengths beyond visible and

1842
01:20:53,439 --> 01:20:43,250
infrared it's late a wave or a particle

1843
01:20:55,479 --> 01:20:53,449
yeah no not just an observation

1844
01:21:10,689 --> 01:20:55,489
thank you for more accurately locating

1845
01:21:15,160 --> 01:21:10,699
the EPL in columbia as opposed to yeah

1846
01:21:39,029 --> 01:21:15,170
because the gerrymandered zip code it's

1847
01:21:42,790 --> 01:21:40,989
if you would like to go to the

1848
01:21:45,279 --> 01:21:42,800
observatory we have our observatory

1849
01:21:47,290 --> 01:21:45,289
person here yes over here this gentleman

1850
01:21:49,379 --> 01:21:47,300
in the brown shirt if you would like to

1851
01:21:51,729 --> 01:21:49,389
go to Maryland Space Grant Observatory

1852
01:21:53,109 --> 01:21:51,739
come down here and talk to him he'll

1853
01:22:15,580 --> 01:21:53,119
take you across the street for the

1854
01:22:26,020 --> 01:22:23,200
see if gravitational waves so what we've

1855
01:22:28,959 --> 01:22:26,030
got such good observations of it we can

1856
01:22:30,910 --> 01:22:28,969
now look for tiny variations in way and